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Ring chromosome 2 syndrome is a rare chromosomal anomaly syndrome with highly variable phenotype principally characterised by intrauterine growth retardation, failure to thrive, developmental delay, hypotonia, mild dysmorphic features (including microcephaly, short forehead, upslanting palpebral fissures, hypertelorism, epicanthal folds, wide nasal bridge, broad nasal tip, long philtrum, thin upper lip, micrognathia, short neck), skeletal anomalies (e.g. kyphosis, brachydactyly, clinodactyly, talipes equinovarus) and dermatological features (i.e. café-au-lait spots). Patients may also present ventriculoseptal defects and genital abnormalities (e.g. genital hypoplasia, phimosis, cryptorchidism). |
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A rare chromosomal disorder, characterised by childhood onset drug resistant epilepsy with typical electroencephalographic findings (EEG), mild to severe intellectual disability and behavioural problems. |
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An autosomal anomaly with characteristics of variable clinical features, most commonly including growth retardation, developmental delay, intellectual disability, epilepsy, microcephaly, short stature, dysmorphic features, hypogammaglobulinaemia, thrombocytopenia and unspecific skeletal anomalies (hemivertebrae, clinodactyly, syndactyly). In rare cases, it has been described in phenotypically normal individuals. |
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An autosomal anomaly with characteristics of variable clinical features, most commonly including global developmental delay, hypotonia, growth retardation with microcephaly, intellectual disability with severe speech delay, seizures or abnormal EEG, autistic spectrum disorder and other behavioural characteristics. |
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Ring chromosome 3 syndrome is a rare chromosomal anomaly syndrome with a highly variable phenotype principally characterized by pre- and postnatal growth retardation, short stature, developmental delay, mild to severe intellectual disability, microcephaly and mild dysmorphic features (including triangular face, dysplastic ears, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthic folds, broad nasal bridge, full nasal tip, long philtrum, downturned corners of the mouth, and micro/retrognathia). Additional manifestations reported include hypotonia, mild articular limitation, hearing loss, digital anomalies (i.e. clinodactyly, brachydactyly), café-au-lait patches and hypospadias. |
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Autosomal anomaly characterised by variable clinical features, most commonly including significant intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation, developmental delay, intellectual disability, microcephaly, and dysmorphic facial features. Some less frequent features are cleft lip and/or cleft palate, congenital cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and genitourinary system anomalies. |
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Ring chromosome 5 syndrome is a rare chromosomal anomaly syndrome, with high phenotypic variability, principally characterized by a neonatal mewing cry, severe developmental delay and intellectual disability, short stature, hypotonia, dysmorphic features (including microcephaly, facial asymmetry, hypertelorism, epicanthal folds, abnormal ears, micro/retrognathia), congenital cardiac anomalies (such as atrial and ventricular septal defect, tricuspid insufficiency, hypoplastic aorta) and skeletal abnormalities (e.g. hypoplastic thumbs, anomalous ulna/radius, dysplastic metacarpals and phalanges). |
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Ring chromosome 6 syndrome is a rare chromosomal anomaly syndrome with highly variable phenotype principally characterized by prenatal/postnatal growth failure, intellectual disability, developmental delay, craniofacial dysmorphism (including microcephaly, microphthalmia, epicanthus, low-set and malformed ears, broad and flat nasal bridge, full lips, micrognathia), central nervous system anomalies (e.g. hydrocephalus, cortical atrophy, ventriculomegaly), short neck, and delayed bone age. Cardiac defects, limb anomalies, hip joint malformations, and seizures have also been reported. |
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Ring chromosome 7 syndrome is a rare chromosomal anomaly syndrome, with highly variable phenotype, principally characterized by growth failure, short stature, intellectual disability, dermatological abnormalities (nevus flammeus, dark pigmented nevi, café-au-lait spots), microcephaly and facial dysmorphism (including facial asymmetry, small ears, abnormal palpebral fissures, ptosis, epicanthic folds, hyper/hypotelorism). Additional reported features include convulsions, cleft lip and palate, clinodactyly, kyphoscoliosis and genital anomalies (i.e. cryptorchidism, hypospadias, micropenis). |
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A rare chromosomal anomaly comprising variable parts of chromosome 8. The phenotype of mosaic or non-mosaic supernumerary r(8)/mar(8) ranges from almost normal to variable degrees of minor abnormalities, and growth and mental retardation overlapping with the well-known mosaic trisomy 8 syndrome. |
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An autosomal anomaly with characteristics of variable clinical features, most commonly including developmental delay, some degree of intellectual disability, facial dysmorphism, microcephaly, congenital heart anomalies and variable genital, limb and skeletal anomalies. |
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A rare chromosome Y structural anomaly, with a highly variable phenotype, mostly characterized by short stature, partial to total gonadal failure, sexual infantilism, genital anomalies (e.g. ambiguous genitalia, hypospadias, cryptorchidism), and azoospermia or oligozoospermia. Additional reported features include speech delay, obesity, and acanthosis nigricans. Gender dysphoria and comorbid bipolar disorder have also been observed. |
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Ring dermoid of cornea is characterized by annular limbal dermoids (growths with a skin-like structure) with corneal and conjunctival extension. Less than 30 cases have been described. Transmission is autosomal dominant and mutations in the PITX2 gene have been suggested as a potential cause of the condition. |
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A rare genetic multiple congenital anomalies/dysmorphic syndrome characterized by congenital microcephaly, infantile-onset epileptic encephalopathy, and profound developmental delay. Additional reported features include cortical visual impairment, sensorineural hearing loss, increased muscle tone, limb contractures, scoliosis, and dysmorphic features like midface hypoplasia, narrow forehead, short nose, narrowed nasal bridge, and small chin. Brain imaging may show thin corpus callosum and delayed myelination. |
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Rippling muscle disease with myasthenia gravis is a rare, acquired, neuromuscular disease characterized by CAV3 mutation-negative rippling muscle disease in association with acetylcholine receptor antibody-mediated myasthenia gravis. Patients typically present exercise-induced, electrically silent muscle rippling with myalgia, in combination with generalized myasthenia gravis symptoms (ptosis, diplopia, neck weakness, dysphagia and dyspnea). |
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Robin sequence-oligodactyly syndrome is a rare, genetic, developmental defect during embryogenesis syndrome characterized by Robin sequence (i.e. severe micrognathia, retroglossia and U-shaped cleft of the posterior palate) associated with pre- and postaxial oligodactyly. Facial features can include a narrow face and narrow lower dental arch. Clinodactyly, absent phalanx, metacarpal fusions, and hypoplastic carpals have also been reported. There have been no further descriptions in the literature since 1986. |
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Robinow syndrome (RS) is a rare genetic syndrome characterized by limb shortening and abnormalities of the head, face and external genitalia. |
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Roch-Leri mesosomatous lipomatosis is a rare benign autosomal dominant disorder of fat tissue proliferation characterized by the presence of multiple small lipomas of 2 to 5 cm in diameter in the middle third of the body (i.e. the forearms, trunk, and upper thighs), and which are generally painless and can be easily removed by local anesthesia, provided that they are not too numerous or confluent. There have been no further descriptions in the literature since 1984. |
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A rare, genetic immuno-osseous dysplasia associated with pre- and post-natal growth retardation, retinopathy, microcephaly, intellectual disability and dysmorphic features. |
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A rare genetic epilepsy syndrome characterized by infantile or childhood onset of focal motor seizures remitting with age, as well as childhood onset of exercise-induced dystonia which often persists into adulthood. Additional reported features include nystagmus and postural tremor of the hands. |
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Rolandic epilepsy-speech dyspraxia syndrome is a rare, genetic epilepsy characterized by speech disorder (including a range of symptoms from dysarthria, speech dyspraxia, receptive and expressive language delay/regression and acquired aphasia to subtle impairments of conversational speech) and epilepsy (mostly focal and secondary generalized childhood-onset seizures, sometimes with aura). Mild to severe intellectual disability may also be observed. |
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Rombo syndrome is characterized by vermiculate atrophoderma, milia, hypotrichosis, trichoepitheliomas, peripheral vasodilation with cyanosis and basal cell carcinomas. |
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Rosette-forming glioneuronal tumor is a rare mixed neuronal-glial tumor characterized by the presence of uniform, rosette- (or pseudorosette-) forming neurocytes with an astrocytic component, together creating a biphasic pattern. It can present with signs of raised intracranial pressure (headache, vomiting, papilledema), hydrocephalus, seizures, ataxia and visual disturbances, or can be diagnosed incidentally in asymptomatic patients. The tumor usually arises in the midline, involving the fourth ventricle or the cerebellum. |
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A rare spondylodysplastic dysplasia characterized by severe, neonatal skeletal manifestations (including narrow thorax, rhizomelic shortening of the limbs with cupped anterior ends, mild to severe platyspondyly, lacy iliac crests, delayed ossification of the caudal ilia, ragged/cupped metaphyses of the long bones and hypoplastic pubic rami), severe respiratory failure (patients could require lifelong ventilation support), severe short stature and developmental delay. Additional clinical features may include atrial septal defect, seizures, pulmonary hypoplasia, gallbladder hypoplasia and hepatic fibrosis. Neutropenia and decreased serum amylase can be present. |
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A rare genetic multiple congenital anomalies/dysmorphic syndrome with characteristics of microcephaly, severe global developmental delay and intellectual disability, hypotonia, respiratory insufficiency, failure to thrive, and congenital anomalies affecting the skeleton, eyes, and several organ systems. Seizures and hearing loss are sometimes observed. Independent ambulation and meaningful speech are not attained. Common dysmorphic facial features include small forehead, biparietal narrowing, flat face, hypertelorism, arched eyebrows, short, upslanting palpebral fissures, wide nasal bridge, small, upturned nose, forward facing ears, and micrognathia. Brain imaging shows structural abnormalities in all patients. |
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A rare Prader-Willi-like syndrome characterized by severe obesity due to SIM1 mutation, in addition to some clinical features of Prader-Willi- syndrome including intellectual disability, developmental delay, behavior problems and facial dysmorphism. Unlike Prader-Willi syndrome, short stature, hypotonia and hypogonadism may not be observed. |
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A rare frontonasal dysplasia characterized by a craniofacial phenotype comprising frontal bossing with high anterior hairline, ptosis, hypertelorism, epicanthus inversus, flat nasal bridge, and broad nasal tip. Large anterior fontanelle, sagittal synostosis, and cranial base anomalies have also been described. |
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A rare soft tissue tumor characterized by a compressive mass located in the mediastinum and/or pleura and lung, including prominent lymph node involvement, histologically poorly differentiated and frequently showing rhabdoid features. Loss of SMARCA4 is typically accompanied by SMARCA2-deficiency. Presenting symptoms include dyspnea, cough, chest pain, or dysphagia, among others. The tumors are aggressive with limited response to chemotherapies, rapid local progression, high recurrence rate after surgical resection, and short median survival times. There is a strong association with smoking. |
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A subtype of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 4 characterized by childhood onset of severe, progressive, demyelinating sensorimotor neuropathy manifesting with distal muscle weakness and atrophy of hands and feet, distal sensory impairment (vibration and pinprick) of lower limbs, lactic acidosis, areflexia and severely reduced motor nerve conduction velocities (25 m/s or less). Patients may also present kyphoscoliosis, nystagmus, hearing loss, cerebellar ataxia and/or brain MRI abnormalities (putaminal and periaqueductal lesions). |
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A rare genetic syndromic intellectual disability disorder characterized by global developmental delay, often with severe hypotonia and limited mobility, intellectual disability (mild to severe) with absent or significantly impaired speech and behavioral problems. Craniofacial features include blepharophimosis, epicanthal folds, sparse eyebrows and eyelashes, broad nasal bridge, short nose with downturned tip, open mouth with thin upper vermillion, and abnormal ears. |
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A rare form of limited dorsal myeloschisis (LDM), characterized by the stalk attached to the apex of a fully epithelialized meningocele. Chiari II malformation is not present. |
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Sacral agenesis-abnormal ossification of the vertebral bodies-persistent notochordal canal syndrome is a rare, genetic, neural tube defect malformation syndrome characterized by sacral agenesis and abnormal vertebral body ossification with normal vertebral arches associated with notochord canal persistence on ultrasonography. Additional findings include bilateral clubfoot, oligohydramnios, single umbilical artery and, in some, increased nuchal translucency. |
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A rare bone disease characterized by secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with chronic renal failure, caused by improper treatment in the early stages of the disease with retention of phosphorus, vitamin D deficiency, and disturbed calcium-phosphorus metabolism, which result in increased parathyroid hormone levels. Patients present with short stature, severe changes of the skull and jaws as well as other skeletal deformities, dental anomalies, brown tumors in the mouth, hearing loss, and neuropsychiatric disorders. |
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Sanjad-Sakati syndrome (SSS), also known as hypoparathyroidism - intellectual disability-dysmorphism, is a rare multiple congenital anomaly syndrome, mainly occurring in the Middle East and the Arabian Gulf countries, characterized by intrauterine growth restriction at birth, microcephaly, congenital hypoparathyroidism (that can cause hypocalcemic tetany or seizures in infancy), severe growth retardation, typical facial features (long narrow face, deep-set eyes, beaked nose, floppy and large ears, long philtrum, thin lips and micrognathia), and mild to moderate intellectual deficiency. Ocular findings (i.e. nanophthalmos, retinal vascular tortuosity and corneal opacification/clouding) and superior mesenteric artery syndrome have also been reported. Although SSS shares the same locus with the autosomal recessive form of Kenny-Caffey syndrome, the latter differs from SSS by its normal intelligence and skeletal features. |
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Satoyoshi syndrome is a rare, multisystemic autoimmune disease mainly characterized by intermittent painful muscle spasms, alopecia (totalis or universalis in most cases) and long-lasting diarrhea that could lead to malnutrition, growth retardation, and amenorrhea. Secondary bone deformities and various endocrine anomalies may also be associated. Antinuclear antibodies are reported in many cases. |
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A rare syndrome with limb malformations as a major feature characterized by congenital scalp defects and postaxial polydactyly type A. There is a wide variability of expression, with some patients showing only one of the typical manifestations. There have been no further descriptions in the literature since 1985. |
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A rare genetic multiple congenital anomalies/dysmorphic syndrome characterized by aplasia cutis congenita of the scalp, breast anomalies ranging from hypothelia or athelia to amastia, and anomalies of the external ears. Variable clinical characteristics include nail and dental anomalies, syndactyly and camptodactyly of fingers and/or toes, sparse or absent secondary sexual hair, renal malformations, and facial dysmorphism. Cases with severe hypotonia and developmental delay have been reported. |
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A rare ophthalmic condition characterized by formation of excessive scar tissue between the conjunctiva/Tenon capsule and the sclera at the surgical site following glaucoma filtration surgery. Scarring can occur months or years after surgery, resulting in treatment failure with poor postoperative control of intraocular pressure and, potentially, loss of vision. |
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A rare mycosis caused by Scedosporium species, characterized by disparate disease pictures including pneumonia, skin and soft tissue infection, mycetoma, and disseminated infection. Central nervous system infection has also been reported. Infections with this ubiquitous mold can occur in a range of contexts like solid organ transplantation, chemotherapy, chronic lung disease, but also in immunocompetent hosts and near drowning. |
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Schilbach-Rott syndrome (SRS) is an autosomal dominant dysmorphic disorder that is characterized by dysmorphic facies with hypotelorism, blepharophimosis, and cleft palate, and the frequent occurrence of hypospadias in males. |
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A rare a multisystem disorder characterized by spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia and disproportionate short stature, facial dysmorphism, T-cell immunodeficiency, and progressive, proteinuric steroid-resistant nephropathy. |
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Schisis association describes the combination of two or more of the following anomalies: neural tube defects (e.g. anencephaly, encephalocele, spina bifida cystica), cleft lip/palate, omphalocele and congenital diaphragmatic hernia. These anomalies are associated at a higher frequency than would be expected with random combination rates. |
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A rare, acquired skin disease characterized by excessive mucin deposition and thickened collagen bundles in the dermis, resulting in woody, non-pitting induration of the skin of the neck, spreading to the shoulders and upper trunk, but sparing hands and feet. According to the association with preceding or underlying conditions, three types can be distinguished: type 1 usually follows a febrile infection, type 2 is associated with paraproteinemia, and type 3 occurs in patients with diabetes mellitus. Especially in types 2 and 3, extracutaneous involvement may be present. Other potentially associated conditions include a variety of endocrinopathies, systemic diseases, and neoplasms. |
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A rare autoimmune connective tissue disorder characterized by abnormal hardening of the skin and sometimes other organs. It is classified into two main forms: localized scleroderma and systemic sclerosis (SSc), the latter comprising three subsets; diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc), limited cutaneous SSc (lcSSc) and limited SSc (lSSc). Localized scleroderma is the cutaneous form of scleroderma characterized by fibrosis of the skin causing cutaneous plaques (morphea) or strips (linear scleroderma). Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a generalized disorder characterized by fibrosis and vascular obliteration in the skin and organs, particularly, lungs, heart, and digestive tract. The exact cause of scleroderma is unknown. The disease originates from an autoimmune reaction, which leads to localized overproduction of collagen. In some cases, the condition is associated with exposure to chemicals. Other suggested causes include genetic and infectious mechanisms. |
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A rare genetic disease characterized by sclerosing dysplasia affecting the diaphyseal and metaphyseal regions of the long bones, as well as the skull and metacarpals, in association with skin changes like those seen in ichthyosis vulgaris and premature ovarian failure with bilateral hypoplasia of the ovaries. Patients present in adulthood, primarily with swelling of the extremities and occasional mild pain in the legs. |
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Facial dysmorphism-shawl scrotum-joint laxity syndrome is characterized by facial dysmorphism (hypertelorism, telecanthus, downslanting palpebral fissures, ptosis, malar hypoplasia, broad nasal bridge, thin upper lip, smooth philtrum, and low-set prominent ears) and associated with joint anomalies (genu valgum or cubitus valgus, hyper-extensible joints, etc.). It has been described in two patients (a mother and her son). The boy also had hypoplastic shawl scrotum and cryptorchidism, and the mother had mild intellectual deficit. |
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SCALP syndrome is a rare skin disease characterized by the association of sebaceous nevus and aplasia cutis congenita (usually on the scalp and face) in conjunction with limbal dermoid of the eye, a giant congenital melanocytic nevus and variable central nervous system abnormalities, including seizures, hydrocephalus, neurocutaneous melanosis, arachnoid cysts, and diffuse unilateral hemisphere enlargement. |
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A rare, genetic, epidermal disorder characterized by a chronic, diffuse, fine, scaly erythematous rash on the face (predominantly the chin, nasolabial folds, eyebrows), around the earlobes and over the scalp, associated with hyperkeratosis over elbows, knees, palms, soles and metacarpophalangeal joints, in the absence of associated rheumatological or neurological disorders. Cold weather, emotional stress and strenuous physical activity may exacerbate symptoms. |
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Secondary intestinal lymphangiectasia is an acquired from of intestinal lymphangiectasia manifesting as a protein-losing enteropathy due to another disorder such as Crohn's disease, congestive heart failure, sarcoidosis, Turner syndrome and often in patients who have undergone a Fontan operation. It is characterised by malabsorption, diarrhoea, oedema due hypoproteinaemia, steatorrhoea and serosal effusions. |
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A rare osteonecrosis disease characterized by death of bone cellular components secondary to an interruption of the subchondral blood supply, typically manifesting with unilateral or bilateral, unifocal or multifocal lesions usually located on the epiphysis, metaphysis and/or diaphysis of the femoral heads, knees, shoulders, ankles and/or wrists, leading to gradual onset of pain and progressive joint degeneration resulting in loss of function. Association with corticosteroid usage, alcoholism, hyperbaric events, radiation or cytotoxic agent exposure, hemoglobinopathies, and/or underlying autoimmune or metabolic disease, amongst others, has been observed. |
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Secondary pulmonary hemosiderosis is a respiratory disease due to the deposition of hemosiderin-laden macrophages in lungs as a result of repeated alveolar hemorrhage secondary to another disease, especially dysimmunitary disorders (i.e. Heiner syndrome, autoimmune diseases), thrombotic disorders and cardiovascular disorders such as mitral stenosis. It manifests as a triad of hemoptysis, anemia and diffuse parenchymal infiltrates on chest radiography. |
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Secondary syringomyelia is a rare medullar disease defined as a development of a fluid-filled cavity or syrinx within the spinal cord due to blockage of CSF circulation (e.g., due to basal arachnoiditis, meningeal carcinomatosis, various mass lesions), spinal cord injury (e.g., due to trauma, radiation necrosis, hemorrhage, spinal abscess), spinal dysraphism or intramedullary tumors. It presents with neuropathic pain, numbness, muscular weakness, changes in tone or spasticity or autonomic changes (hyperhidrosis, heart rate or blood pressure instability). Selective loss of pain and temperature with relative preservation of dorsal column function (touch and pressure) are classic findings. |
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A rare developmental defect during embryogenesis characterized by progressive, proportionate, asymmetric segmental overgrowth (with soft tissue hypertrophy and ballooning effect) that develops and progresses rapidly in early childhood, arteriovenous and lymphatic vascular malformations, lipomatosis and linear epidermal nevus (arranged in whorls along the lines of Blaschko). Clinical symptoms of Cowden syndrome, such as macrocephaly and progressive development of numerous hypertrophic hamartomatous and neoplastic lesions involving multiple organs and systems, are also associated. Patients present an increased risk of developing cancer. |
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A rare PIK3CA-related overgrowth syndrome disease characterized by segmental and progressive overgrowth, predominantly involving the adipose tissue, or a mixture of adipose and fibrous tissue, with variable involvement of subcutaneous and muscular tissue, as well as skeletal overgrowth. Overgrowth severity and range is highly variable, although frequently it is asymmetric and disproportionate, it affects lower extremities more than the upper ones and progresses in a distal to proximal pattern. Congenital overgrowth is typically associated. |
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A rare genetic disease characterized by the association of epilepsy, ataxia, sensorineural hearing impairment, and renal tubulopathy. Patients present in infancy with generalized seizures, cerebellar dysfunction (including gait ataxia, intention tremor, and dysdiadochokinesis), and variable developmental delay and sensorineural hearing loss. Laboratory studies show persistent hypokalemic metabolic acidosis with hypomagnesemia. Additional reported neurologic features include brisk deep tendon reflexes, ankle clonus, extensor plantar responses, or nystagmus. |
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A rare inborn error of metabolism characterized by infantile onset of global developmental delay, severe intellectual disability, seizures, and movement disorder (including tremor, hyperkinesia, and myoclonus), associated with excessive excretion of hydroxylysine in urine. There have been no further descriptions in the literature since 1970. |
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Seizures-scoliosis-macrocephaly syndrome is a rare, genetic neurometabolic disorder characterized by seizures, macrocephaly, delayed motor milestones, moderate intellectual disability, scoliosis with no exostoses, muscular hypotonia present since birth, as well as renal dysfunction. Coarse facial features (including hypertelorism and long hypoplastic philtrum) and bilateral cryptorchidism (in males) are also commonly reported. Additional manifestations include abnormal gastrointestinal motility (resulting in constipation, diarrhea, gastroesophageal reflux and dysphagia), gait disturbances, strabismus and ventricular septal defects. |
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A rare disorder related to monochorionic twin pregnancy with characteristics of unequal placental sharing leading to growth restriction in one twin according to the following criteria: estimated fetal weight (EFW) of one twin below the 3rd percentile as a solitary parameter, or fulfilment of at least two out of four contributory parameters (EFW of one twin below the 10th percentile, abdominal circumference of one twin below the 10th percentile, EFW discordance of ≥ 25%, umbilical artery pulsatility index of the smaller twin above the 95th percentile). Early severe forms are associated with a significant risk of intrauterine demise or neurological adverse outcome for both twins. |
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Self-healing collodion baby (SHCB) is a minor variant of autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis characterized by the presence of a collodion membrane at birth that heals within the first weeks of life. |
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A rare genetic neurological disorder characterised by late infancy to early-adolescence onset of prolonged, nocturnal seizures which begin with autonomic features (e.g. vomiting, pallor, sweating) and associate tonic eye deviation, impairment of consciousness and may evolve to a hemi-clonic or generalised convulsion. Autonomic status epilepticus may be the only clinical event in some cases. |
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Benign familial infantile epilepsy (BFIE) is a genetic epileptic syndrome characterized by the occurrence of afebrile repeated seizures in healthy infants, between the third and eighth month of life. |
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Benign familial neonatal-infantile seizures (BFNIS) is a benign familial epilepsy syndrome with an intermediate phenotype between benign familial neonatal seizures (BFNS) and benign familial infantile seizures. So far, this syndrome has been described in multiple members of 10 families. Age of onset in these BFNIS families varied from 2 days to 6 months, with spontaneous resolution in most cases before the age of 12 months. Like BFNS and BFIS, seizures in BFNIS generally occur in clusters over one or a few days with posterior focal seizure onset. BFNIS is caused by mutations in the SCN2A gene (2q24.3), encoding the voltage-gated sodium channel alpha-subunit Na(V)1.2. Transmission is autosomal dominant. |
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A rare otorhinolaryngologic disease characterized by the uni- or bilateral dehiscence of the bone(s) overlying the superior (most common), lateral or posterior semicircular canal(s). Patients present audiological (autophony, aural fullness, conductive hearing loss, pulsatile tinnitus) and/or vestibular symptoms (sound or pressure-evoked oscillopsia or vertigo, characteristic vertical-torsional eye movements), depending on which semicircular canal is affected. Posterior SCD syndrome is associated with high-riding jugular bulb and fibrous dysplasia, while lateral SCD syndrome is associated with chronic otitis media and cholesteatoma, with or without audiological and vestibular symptoms. |
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Attributed to a particular organization or group that contributes content to SNOMED CT. |
Inserm Orphanet |
Sensorineural deafness with dilated cardiomyopathy is an extremely rare autosomal dominant syndrome described in two families to date and characterized by moderate to severe sensorineural hearing loss manifesting during childhood and associated with late-onset dilated cardiomyopathy that generally progresses to heart failure. |
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Attributed to a particular organization or group that contributes content to SNOMED CT. |
Inserm Orphanet |
A rare genetic disease characterized by the triad of adult-onset moderate to severe bilateral sensorineural hearing loss, premature graying of scalp hair, and essential tremor manifesting as involuntary shaking of the head. Additional pigmentation abnormalities have not been reported in this syndrome. |
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Attributed to a particular organization or group that contributes content to SNOMED CT. |
Inserm Orphanet |
A rare mitochondrial disease characterized by adult onset of the triad of sensory ataxic neuropathy, dysarthria, and ophthalmoparesis. Additional signs and symptoms are highly variable and include myopathy, seizures, and hearing loss, among others. Brain imaging may show cerebellar white matter abnormalities and/or bilateral thalamic lesions. |
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Attributed to a particular organization or group that contributes content to SNOMED CT. |
Inserm Orphanet |
A rare systemic condition affecting neonates born at less than 37 weeks gestational age and characterized by life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to an infection, which may have been acquired shortly before or during birth (resulting in early-onset neonatal sepsis during the first 72 hours of life), or after birth (leading to late-onset neonatal sepsis between 72 hours and three months). Prematurity constitutes one of the primary risk factors for neonatal sepsis. The clinical picture may develop gradually with signs and symptoms like irritability, lethargy, or poor feeding, or progress rapidly to respiratory distress, fever, hypothermia, hypotension, shock, and multiple organ failure. |
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Attributed to a particular organization or group that contributes content to SNOMED CT. |
Inserm Orphanet |
A rare inborn error of metabolism comprising 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase deficiency, 3-phosphoserine phosphatase deficiency, and phosphoserine aminotransferase deficiency, and characterized by a phenotypic spectrum ranging from congenital microcephaly, psychomotor retardation, and intractable seizures in the infantile forms to milder juvenile forms with moderate developmental delay and intellectual disability. |
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Attributed to a particular organization or group that contributes content to SNOMED CT. |
Inserm Orphanet |
A rare functioning neuroendocrine tumour of pancreas characterised by a typically well-differentiated neoplasm composed of cells expressing serotonin. Patients may present with atypical carcinoid syndrome with abdominal pain, diarrhoea, weight loss, and/or flushing. Carcinoid syndrome is usually present only when there are liver metastases. The tumours tend to be larger than non-functioning tumours and are associated with a poorer prognosis because they are almost always metastatic. |
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Attributed to a particular organization or group that contributes content to SNOMED CT. |
Inserm Orphanet |
A rare high-grade endometrial carcinoma characterized by diffuse, marked nuclear pleomorphism, typically exhibiting complex papillary and/or glandular growth patterns and showing abnormal p53 and diffuse p16 immunohistochemistry. The tumor typically arises in atrophic endometrium or in an endometrial polyp. Most patients present with postmenopausal bleeding. Extrauterine metastasis is present in 40-50% of surgically staged cases, most frequently involving lymph nodes or peritoneal sites and omentum. Patients with extrauterine spread have poor outcomes, while endometrium-limited carcinoma has a better prognosis. |
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Attributed to a particular organization or group that contributes content to SNOMED CT. |
Inserm Orphanet |
A rare, genetic, primary immunodeficiency due to a defect in adaptive immunity characterized by the triad of congenital athymia (resulting in severe T-cell immunodeficiency), congenital alopecia totalis and nail dystrophy. Patients present neonatal or infantile-onset, severe, recurrent, life-threatening infections and low or absent circulating T cells. Additional features reported include erythroderma, lymphoadenopathy, diarrhea and failure to thrive. |
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Attributed to a particular organization or group that contributes content to SNOMED CT. |
Inserm Orphanet |
A rare, genetic, X-linked syndromic intellectual disability disorder characterized by severe intellectual disability, microcephaly, post-natal growth retardation, severe visual impairment or blindness (due to optic atrophy), severe hearing defect, spasticity, epileptic seizures, restricted large-joint movements and early death (in infancy or early childhood). Facial dysmorphic features (large dysplastic ears and short broad nose) are additionally observed. There have been no further descriptions in the literature since 1993. |
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Attributed to a particular organization or group that contributes content to SNOMED CT. |
Inserm Orphanet |
Severe X-linked mitochondrial encephalomyopathy is an extremely rare mitochondrial respiratory chain disease resulting in a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by psychomotor delay, hypotonia, areflexia, muscle weakness and wasting in the two patients reported to date. |
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Attributed to a particular organization or group that contributes content to SNOMED CT. |
Inserm Orphanet |
Severe achondroplasia-developmental delay-acanthosis nigricans syndrome is characterized by the association of severe achondroplasia with developmental delay and acanthosis nigricans. It has been described in four unrelated individuals. Structural central nervous system anomalies, seizures and hearing loss were also reported, together with bowing of the clavicle, femur, tibia and fibula in some cases. The syndrome is caused by a Lys650Met substitution in the kinase domain of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (encoded by the FGFR3 gene; 4p16.3). |
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Attributed to a particular organization or group that contributes content to SNOMED CT. |
Inserm Orphanet |
A rare isolated hereditary giant platelet disorder characterised by severe thrombocytopenia and thrombopathy due to defects in proplatelet formation and platelet activation in homozygous patients. Clinical manifestation are recurrent bleeding episodes including epistaxis, spontaneous haematoma, and menorrhagia. |
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Attributed to a particular organization or group that contributes content to SNOMED CT. |
Inserm Orphanet |
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) T-B+ due to JAK3 deficiency is a form of SCID characterized by severe and recurrent infections, associated with diarrhea and failure to thrive. |
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Attributed to a particular organization or group that contributes content to SNOMED CT. |
Inserm Orphanet |
Severe combined immunodeficiency due to complete RAG1/2 deficiency is a rare, genetic T-B- severe combined immunodeficiency disorder due to null mutations in recombination activating gene (RAG) 1 and/or RAG2 resulting in less than 1% of wild type V(D)J recombination activity. Patients present with neonatal onset of life-threatening, severe, recurrent infections by opportunistic fungal, viral and bacterial micro-organisms, as well as skin rashes, chronic diarrhea, failure to thrive and fever. Immunologic observations include profound T- and B-cell lymphopenia, normal NK counts and low or absent serum immunoglobulins; some patients may have eosinophilia. |
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Attributed to a particular organization or group that contributes content to SNOMED CT. |
Inserm Orphanet |
A rare T-B+ severe combined immunodeficiency characterized by profoundly decreased levels of T-cells, normal B-cells, and low immunoglobulin levels. The thymus is present. Patients typically become symptomatic in infancy or early childhood with recurrent infections. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated B-cell lymphoproliferative syndrome/lymphoma and mucocutaneous-immunodeficiency syndrome have been reported in association. Some patients may show developmental delay, neurocognitive impairment, and behavioral dysfunction (in particular attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder). |
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Attributed to a particular organization or group that contributes content to SNOMED CT. |
Inserm Orphanet |
A rare primary immunodeficiency disorder due to impaired capacity of activated T- and B-cells to proliferate in response to antigen receptor-mediated activation characterized by early-onset, severe, persistent and/or recurrent viral infections due to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Varicella Zoster virus (VZV, including generalized varicella), as well as recurrent sino-pulmonary bacterial infections due to encapsulated pathogens. |
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Attributed to a particular organization or group that contributes content to SNOMED CT. |
Inserm Orphanet |
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) due to DCLRE1C deficiency is a type of SCID characterized by severe and recurrent infections, diarrhea, failure to thrive, and cell sensitivity to ionizing radiation. |
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Attributed to a particular organization or group that contributes content to SNOMED CT. |
Inserm Orphanet |
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) due to DNA-PKcs deficiency is an extremely rare type of SCID characterized by the classical signs of SCID (severe and recurrent infections, diarrhea, failure to thrive), absence of T and B lymphocytes, and cell sensitivity to ionizing radiation. |
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Attributed to a particular organization or group that contributes content to SNOMED CT. |
Inserm Orphanet |
A rare, genetic form of primary immunodeficiency characterized by life-threatening bacterial, fungal and viral infections with the onset in infancy, and failure to thrive. Typically, hypogammaglobulinemia or agammaglobulinemia and normal levels of T and B cells are present. |
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Attributed to a particular organization or group that contributes content to SNOMED CT. |
Inserm Orphanet |
A rare severe combined immunodeficiency characterised by T-cell lymphopenia and absent T-cell proliferative responses, and normal B-cell and natural killer cell counts. Patients present in the first months of life with severe recurrent infections, failure to thrive, haematologic autoimmune disorders, and/or lymphoproliferation with splenomegaly. |
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Attributed to a particular organization or group that contributes content to SNOMED CT. |
Inserm Orphanet |
A rare, combined T- and B-cell immunodeficiency characterized by failure to thrive, severe diarrhea, opportunistic infections, and abnormal T-cell differentiation and function due to LCK deficiency, leading to an important risk factor for inflammation and autoimmunity. |
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Attributed to a particular organization or group that contributes content to SNOMED CT. |
Inserm Orphanet |
Cernunnos-XLF deficiency is a rare form of combined immunodeficiency characterized by microcephaly, growth retardation, and T and B cell lymphopenia. |
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Attributed to a particular organization or group that contributes content to SNOMED CT. |
Inserm Orphanet |
STEAP3/TSAP6-related sideroblastic anemia is a very rare severe non-syndromic hypochromic anemia, which is characterized by transfusion-dependent hypochromic, poorly regenerative anemia, iron overload, resembling non-syndromic sideroblastic anemia except for increased erythrocyte protoporphyrin levels. |
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Attributed to a particular organization or group that contributes content to SNOMED CT. |
Inserm Orphanet |
Severe congenital nemaline myopathy is a severe form of nemaline myopathy characterized by severe hypotonia with little spontaneous movement in neonates. |
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Attributed to a particular organization or group that contributes content to SNOMED CT. |
Inserm Orphanet |
A rare genetic epidermal disorder characterized by congenital erythroderma with severe psoriasiform dermatitis, ichthyosis, severe palmoplantar keratoderma, yellow keratosis on the hands and feet, elevated immunoglobulin E, multiple food allergies, and metabolic wasting. Other variable features may include hypotrichosis, nail dystrophy, recurrent infections, mild global developmental delay, eosinophilia, nystagmus, growth impairment and cardiac defects. |
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Attributed to a particular organization or group that contributes content to SNOMED CT. |
Inserm Orphanet |
Severe early childhood onset retinal dystrophy (SECORD) is an inherited retinal dystrophy characterized by a severe congenital night blindness, progressive retinal dystrophy and nystagmus. Best corrected visual acuity can reach 0.3 in the first decade of life and can pertain well into the second decade of life. Blindness is often complete by the age of 30 years. |
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Attributed to a particular organization or group that contributes content to SNOMED CT. |
Inserm Orphanet |
Severe early-onset axonal neuropathy due to MFN2 deficiency is a rare axonal hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy characterized by early onset (<10 years) progressive distal muscle weakness and wasting of the lower limbs and later, to a lesser extent the upper limbs resulting in foot and wrist drop, areflexia, skeletal deformities (kyphoscoliosis, pes cavus with flattening, joint contractures), mild sensory impairment with vibration sense reduced to a greater extent than pain, optic atrophy and hearing loss. Wheelchair dependence by adolescence is usual and respiratory impairment with diaphragmatic paralysis may develop. |
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Attributed to a particular organization or group that contributes content to SNOMED CT. |
Inserm Orphanet |
A rare, genetic form of obesity characterized by severe early-onset obesity, hyperphagia, insulin resistance with hyperinsulinemia, reduced adult final height, delayed speech and language development and a tendency for social isolation and aggressive behavior. |
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Attributed to a particular organization or group that contributes content to SNOMED CT. |
Inserm Orphanet |
A rare, genetic interstitial lung disease characterised by accumulation of lipoproteins in the pulmonary alveoli leading to restrictive lung disease and respiratory failure. Patients present with dyspnoea, tachypnoea, cough, failure to thrive, and digital clubbing. Liver disease have been described in some cases including hepatomegaly, steatosis, fibrosis or cirrhosis. |
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Attributed to a particular organization or group that contributes content to SNOMED CT. |
Inserm Orphanet |
A rare, genetic, syndromic intellectual disability disorder with a variable phenotypic presentation typically characterized by microcephaly, severe feeding difficulties, failure to thrive, severe global development delay that frequently results in absent/poor speech, moderate to severe intellectual disability and hypotonia. Distinctive craniofacial features include prominent forehead, high-arched, thin eyebrows, hypertelorism, downslanting palpebral fissures, long, tubular nose with broad tip and prominent nasal bridge and wide mouth with full, everted lower lip. Joint laxity and ulnar deviation of wrists are also frequently observed. |
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Attributed to a particular organization or group that contributes content to SNOMED CT. |
Inserm Orphanet |
A severe form of dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (DEB) characterized by generalized cutaneous and mucosal blistering and scarring associated with severe deformities and major extracutaneous involvement. |
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Attributed to a particular organization or group that contributes content to SNOMED CT. |
Inserm Orphanet |
A rare multiple congenital anomalies/dysmorphic syndrome with intellectual disability characterized by infantile onset of global developmental delay, severe intellectual disability, growth deficiency, microcephaly, strabismus, blue-gray sclerae, and extensive Mongolian spots. Some patients also present with epilepsy. Brain imaging may demonstrate variable abnormalities including cerebral atrophy, thin corpus callosum, ventriculomegaly, or arachnoid cysts. |
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Attributed to a particular organization or group that contributes content to SNOMED CT. |
Inserm Orphanet |
A severe form of hemophilia A characterized by a large deficiency of factor VIII (biological activity <1 IU/dL) leading to frequent spontaneous hemorrhage and abnormal bleeding as a result of minor injuries, or following trauma, surgery or tooth extraction. It primarily affects males but may also be observed in female carriers of disease-causing mutations. |
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Attributed to a particular organization or group that contributes content to SNOMED CT. |
Inserm Orphanet |
Severe hypotonia-psychomotor developmental delay-strabismus-cardiac septal defect syndrome is a rare, genetic, non-dystrophic congenital myopathy disorder characterized by a neonatal-onset of severe generalized hypotonia associated with mild psychomotor delay, congenital strabismus with abducens nerve palsy, and atrial and/or ventricular septal defects. Cryptorchidism is commonly reported in male patients and muscle biopsy typically reveals increased variability in muscle fiber size. |
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Attributed to a particular organization or group that contributes content to SNOMED CT. |
Inserm Orphanet |
A rare complex hereditary spastic paraplegia characterized by an early onset hypotonia that progresses to spasticity, global developmental delay, severe intellectual disability and speech impairment, microcephaly, short stature and dysmorphic features. Patients often become non-ambulatory, and some develop seizures and stereotypic laughter. |
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Attributed to a particular organization or group that contributes content to SNOMED CT. |
Inserm Orphanet |
A rare genetic neurological disorder characterized by congenital microcephaly, severe intellectual disability, hypertonia at birth lessening with age, ataxia, and specific dysmorphic facial features including hirsutism, low anterior hairline and bitemporal narrowing, arched, thick, and medially sparse eyebrows, long eyelashes, lateral upper eyelids swelling and a skin fold partially covering the inferior eyelids, low-set posteriorly rotated protruding ears, anteverted nares, and a full lower lip. Brain imaging shows partial to almost complete agenesis of the corpus callosum and variable degrees of cerebellar hypoplasia. |
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Attributed to a particular organization or group that contributes content to SNOMED CT. |
Inserm Orphanet |
Severe intellectual disability-epilepsy-anal anomalies-distal phalangeal hypoplasia is characterized by severe intellectual deficit, epilepsy, hypoplasia of the terminal phalanges, and an anteriorly displaced anus. It has been described in two sisters born to consanguineous parents. The syndrome is transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait and appears to be caused by anomalies in two chromosome regions, one localized to chromosome 1 and the other to chromosome 14. |
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Attributed to a particular organization or group that contributes content to SNOMED CT. |
Inserm Orphanet |
A rare genetic multiple congenital anomalies/dysmorphic syndrome characterized by profound intellectual disability, hypotonia, coarse facial features, strabismus and impaired visual fixation, hypermobility of interphalangeal joints, contractures in the elbow joints, and pes planovalgus. Seizures and episodes of aggressive behavior during sleep have also been reported. |
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Attributed to a particular organization or group that contributes content to SNOMED CT. |
Inserm Orphanet |