Inbound Relationships |
Type |
Active |
Source |
Characteristic |
Refinability |
Group |
Syncephalus |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Katadidymus |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Thoracodidymus |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Syndactyly of fingers with fusion of bones |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Monocephalus tripus dibrachius |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Acardiacus anceps |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
3 |
Talocalcaneal coalition |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
derodidymis |
Associated morphology |
False |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
2 |
Congenital fusion of pulmonary valve segment (disorder) |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Osseous syndactyly of fingers - first web |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Osseous syndactyly of fingers - first web |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
2 |
Osseous syndactyly of fingers - second to fourth web |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Simple syndactyly of toes, first web space |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Osseous syndactyly of toes first web space |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Acrocephalosyndactyly type I |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
2 |
Acrocephalopolysyndactyly |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
2 |
Complex tarsal coalition |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Congenital partial fusion of spine - balanced |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Congenital partial fusion of spine - unbalanced |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Congenital partial fusion of spine with hemivertebra - balanced |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Congenital partial fusion of spine with hemivertebra - unbalanced |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Craniopagus frontalis |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Craniopagus parasiticus |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Correction of complicated syndactyly |
Direct morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Congenital partial fusion of spine |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Cake kidney |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Acrosyndactyly of thumb (disorder) |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Acrosyndactyly of the fingers |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Simple syndactyly of toes second to fourth web |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Congenital fusion of labia |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
A congenital differentiation of the fifth lumbar vertebra (L5) such that it takes on characteristics of a sacral vertebra. Though the sacralization is usually incomplete and limited to one side, it can be partial or complete on one or both sides of the sacrum |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Imperfect fusion of skull |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Tarsal coalitions |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Fusion of kidneys (disorder) |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Fused common atrioventricular valve papillary muscle |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Repair of syndactyly |
Direct morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Syndactyly of toes with fusion of bones (disorder) |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Brachysyndactyly of thumb |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
2 |
Syndactyly of thumb (disorder) |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
brevicollis congénital |
Associated morphology |
False |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
A rare syndromic craniosynostosis with variable phenotypic expression characterized by craniosynostosis, intellectual disability, distinctive facies, abnormalities of the fingers and toes (brachydactyly, polydactyly and syndactyly), short stature, congenital heart disease, skeletal defects, obesity, genital abnormalities and umbilical hernia. |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Acrocephalopolysyndactyly type III (disorder) |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
2 |
Syndactyly (disorder) |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Congenital abnormal fusion of rib cartilage |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Constriction ring of upper limb with acrosyndactyly and amputation |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Syndactyly of toes with fusion of bones of toes of bilateral feet (disorder) |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Syndactyly of toes with fusion of bones of toes of bilateral feet (disorder) |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
2 |
Syndactyly of toes with fusion of bones of toes of bilateral feet (disorder) |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
3 |
Syndactyly of toes with fusion of bones of toes of bilateral feet (disorder) |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
4 |
Thoracopagus with separate hearts and pericardial sacs |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Thoracopagus with separate hearts and common pericardial sac |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Thoracopagus with conjoined atria |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Thoracopagus with conjoined atria and ventricles (disorder) |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Rachipagus (disorder) |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Parapagus (disorder) |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Dithoracic parapagus |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Dicephalic parapagus |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Timothy syndrome is a multi-system disorder with characteristics of cardiac, hand, facial and neurodevelopmental features that include QT prolongation, webbed fingers and toes, flattened nasal bridge, low-set ears, small upper jaw, thin upper lip, and characteristic features of autism or autistic spectrum disorders. Timothy syndrome is caused by mutations in the CACNA1C gene. It is inherited as autosomal dominant trait. |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Conjoined twins |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
2 |
Low assimilation pelvis |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Low assimilation pelvis |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
2 |
High assimilation pelvis |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
High assimilation pelvis |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
2 |
Simple syndactyly of toes |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Lunate-triquetrum synostosis |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Lunate-triquetrum synostosis |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
2 |
A rare, hereditary, congenital limb malformation characterized by polydactyly with crossed involvement of hands and feet with no other associated malformations or anomalies. Patients present with a combination of unilateral or bilateral preaxial polydactyly of hands with postaxial polydactyly of feet or postaxial polydactyly of hands with preaxial polydactyly of feet. Additional manifestations include bilateral cutaneous syndactyly of first, second and third toes and occasionally cutaneous syndactyly of hands. |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
2 |
Hallux varus-preaxial polysyndactyly syndrome is a rare, genetic, congenital limb malformation disorder characterized by bilateral medial displacement of the hallux and preaxial polysyndactyly of the first toes. Radiographs show broad, shortened, misshapen first metatarsals and may associate incomplete or complete duplication of proximal phalanges and duplication or triplication of distal phalanges. There have been no further descriptions in the literature since 1980. |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
3 |
Isolated congenital syngnathia is a very rare developmental defect during embryogenesis disorder characterized by varying degrees of congenital fusion (ranging from simple mucosal adhesions to extensive bony fusion) of mandible to maxilla that is not associated with any other malformations. Patients present with mouth opening limitation (which could range from severe to minimal restriction) that typically results in feeding, swallowing and/or respiratory difficulties which may lead to failure to thrive, malnutrition and/or temporomandibular joint ankylosis. |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
A rare non-syndromic syndactyly characterized by unilateral fusion of 2nd to 5th fingers, amalgamation of distal phalanges in a knot-like structure, and fusion of the 2nd and 3rd toe. Some individuals present only with webbing between the 2nd and 3rd toes, without involvement of fingers. |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Craniodigital syndrome - intellectual deficit is characterized by syndactyly of the fingers and toes, characteristic facies (startled facial expression with a small, pointed nose, micrognathia, long dark eyelashes and prominent eyebrows) and intellectual deficit. |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
2 |
Symbrachydactyly of digit of hand (disorder) |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Ectodermal dysplasia-syndactyly syndrome is a rare, genetic ectodermal dysplasia syndrome characterized by sparse to absent scalp hair, eyebrows, and eyelashes (with pili torti when present), widely spaced, conical-shaped teeth with peg-shaped, conical crowns and enamel hypoplasia and palmoplantar hyperkeratosis, associated with partial cutaneous syndactyly in hands and feet. |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
2 |
FBLN1-related developmental delay-central nervous system anomaly-syndactyly syndrome is a rare, genetic, multiple congenital anomalies/dysmorphic syndrome characterized by delayed motor development, intellectual disability, dysarthria, pseudobulbar signs, cryptorchidism, and syndactyly associated with a FLBN1 gene point mutation. Macular degeneration and signs of brain atrophy and spinal cord compression have also been reported. |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Lumbarized first sacral vertebra |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Fusion of lobes of lung |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Simple syndactyly lesser toes |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Synchilia (disorder) |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Craniopagus |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Craniopagus occipitalis |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
A rare syndrome characterized by the association of blepharophimosis and ptosis, V-esotropia, and weakness of extraocular and frontal muscles with syndactyly of the toes, short stature, prognathism, and hypertrophy and fusion of the eyebrows. |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
2 |
A rare non-syndromic syndactyly characterized by complete bilateral cutaneous fusion of all fingers, frequently associated with polydactyly (usually involving six digits and six metacarpals). Phalanges may fuse as a conglomerate mass of bones. Feet are occasionally affected. |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
A rare non-syndromic syndactyly characterized by soft tissue syndactyly of the 3rd and 4th fingers and the 2nd and 3rd toes associated with metacarpal and metatarsal fusion of the 4th and 5th digits. Shortening of fused metacarpals, ulnar deviation of fingers, interdigital cleft, camptodactyly, short distal phalanges, and absent distal interphalangeal creases have also been reported. |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Radioulnar synostosis-microcephaly-scoliosis syndrome, also known as Guiffré-Tsukahara syndrome, is an extremely rare syndrome characterized by the association of radioulnar synostosis with microcephaly, scoliosis, short stature and intellectual deficit. |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
2 |
Radioulnar synostosis-microcephaly-scoliosis syndrome, also known as Guiffré-Tsukahara syndrome, is an extremely rare syndrome characterized by the association of radioulnar synostosis with microcephaly, scoliosis, short stature and intellectual deficit. |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
3 |
Progressive non-infectious anterior vertebral fusion (PAVF) is an early childhood spinal disorder characterized by the gradual onset of thoracic and/or lumbar spine ankylosis often in conjunction with kyphosis with distinctive radiological features. |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Triphalangeal thumb and polysyndactyly syndrome (disorder) |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
2 |
A rare syndrome characterized by a combination of distal limb abnormalities (syndactyly of all fingers and toes, preaxial polydactyly in the feet and/or hands) and upper sternum malformations. |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
An extremely rare malformation syndrome characterized by the association of partial distal aphalangia with syndactyly, duplication of metatarsal IV, microcephaly, and mild intellectual disability. |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Brachydactyly-syndactyly, Zhao type is a recently described syndrome associating a brachydactyly type A4 (short middle phalanges of the 2nd and 5th fingers and absence of middle phalanges of the 2nd to 5th toes) and a syndactyly of the 2nd and 3rd toes. Metacarpals and metatarsals anomalies are common. |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
2 |
Cenani-Lenz syndrome (CLS) is a congenital malformation syndrome that associates a complex syndactyly of the hands with malformations of the forearm bones and similar manifestations in the lower limbs. |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
A polymalformative syndrome characterized by craniosynostosis, Poland anomaly, cranio-fronto-nasal dysplasia, and genital and breast anomalies. |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
3 |
A rare syndromic craniosynostosis characterized by sagittal craniosynostosis, hydrocephalus, Chiari I malformation and radioulnar synostosis. Other clinical findings include blepharophimosis, small low-set ears, hypoplastic philtrum, kidney malformation, and hypogenitalism. |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
A rare syndromic craniosynostosis characterized by sagittal craniosynostosis, hydrocephalus, Chiari I malformation and radioulnar synostosis. Other clinical findings include blepharophimosis, small low-set ears, hypoplastic philtrum, kidney malformation, and hypogenitalism. |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
5 |
Craniosynostosis, Philadelphia type is a form of syndromic craniosynostosis, characterized by sagittal/dolichocephalic head shape with a relatively normal facial appearance and complete soft tissue syndactyly of hand and foot. Transmission is autosomal dominant with variable expression of the hand findings, and incomplete penetrance of the sagittal craniosynostosis. Craniosynostosis, Philadelphia type has been suggested to share the same etiology as syndactyly type 1A. |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
2 |
Curry-Jones syndrome is a form of syndromic craniosynostosis characterized by unilateral coronal craniosynostosis or multiple suture synostosis associated with complete or partial agenesis of the corpus callosum, preaxial polysyndactyly and syndactyly of hands and/or feet, along with anomalies of the skin (characteristic pearly white areas that become scarred and atrophic, abnormal hair growth around the eyes and/or cheeks, and on the limbs), eyes (iris colobomas, microphthalmia,) and intestine (congenital short gut, malrotation, dysmotility, chronic constipation, bleeding and myofibromas). Developmental delay and variable degrees of intellectual disability may also be observed. Multiple intra-abdominal smooth muscle hamartomas, trichoblastoma of the skin, occipital meningoceles and development of desmoplastic medulloblastoma have been reported. |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Filippi syndrome is characterized by microcephaly, cutaneous syndactyly of the fingers and toes, intellectual deficit, growth retardation and a characteristic facies (high and broad nasal bridge, thin alae nasi, micrognathia and a high frontal hairline). So far, less than 25 cases have been reported. Cryptorchidism, polydactyly, and teeth and hair anomalies may also be present. Transmission is autosomal recessive. |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
4 |
Radio-ulnar synostosis-amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia syndrome is characterized by the association of proximal fusion of the radius and ulna with congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia. Less than 10 cases have been reported in the literature so far. The syndrome is transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait and is caused by mutations in the HOXA11 gene (7p15). |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Radio-ulnar synostosis-amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia syndrome is characterized by the association of proximal fusion of the radius and ulna with congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia. Less than 10 cases have been reported in the literature so far. The syndrome is transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait and is caused by mutations in the HOXA11 gene (7p15). |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
3 |
Radioulnar synostosis-developmental delay-hypotonia syndrome, also known as Der Kaloustian-McIntosh-Silver syndrome, is an extremely rare syndrome with synostosis described in about 4 patients to date with clinical manifestations including congenital unilateral radioulnar synostosis, generalized hypotonia, developmental delay, and dysmorphic facial features (long face, prominent nose and ears). |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
Radioulnar synostosis-developmental delay-hypotonia syndrome, also known as Der Kaloustian-McIntosh-Silver syndrome, is an extremely rare syndrome with synostosis described in about 4 patients to date with clinical manifestations including congenital unilateral radioulnar synostosis, generalized hypotonia, developmental delay, and dysmorphic facial features (long face, prominent nose and ears). |
Associated morphology |
True |
Fusion that has occurred in a structure that is not normally fused. |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
3 |