| Inbound Relationships |
Type |
Active |
Source |
Characteristic |
Refinability |
Group |
| A rare genetic syndromic neurodevelopmental disorder with characteristics of moderate to mostly severe intellectual disability, speech impairment with normal or mildly delayed motor development and early-onset seizures often accompanied by developmental regression. Autistic behaviour and stereotypic movements are common. The disorder is caused by bi-allelic intragenic deletions (rarely duplications) or truncating variants in the CNTNAP2 gene (7q35-q36.1). It encodes contactin-associated protein 2 (CASPR2), a transmembrane protein from the neurexin superfamily, which is involved in neural-glia interactions and clustering of potassium channels in myelinated axons. Inheritance is autosomal recessive. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
4 |
| A rare mitochondrial disease characterised by a variable phenotype comprising delayed psychomotor development or neurodevelopmental regression, hypotonia, seizures, microcephaly, optic atrophy, pyramidal signs, and peripheral neuropathy, among others. Age of onset and disease severity are also variable with some cases taking a fatal course in early infancy. Serum lactate levels may be elevated. Reported brain imaging findings include abnormal signals in the basal ganglia, cerebral and/or cerebellar atrophy, and white matter abnormalities. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
5 |
| PDE4D haploinsufficiency syndrome is a rare syndromic intellectual disability characterized by developmental delay, intellectual disability, low body mass index, long arms, fingers and toes, prominent nose and small chin. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
4 |
| A rare X-linked syndromic intellectual disability characterized by developmental delay and intellectual disability, early hypotonia, constipation, feeding problems, imperforate anus, characteristic behavior (affable, eager to please), and dysmorphic craniofacial features (such as relative macrocephaly, prominent forehead with frontal hair upsweep, hypertelorism, downslanting palpebral fissures, and open mouth). Additional manifestations are partial agenesis of the corpus callosum, sensorineural hearing loss, joint laxity, cardiac anomalies, and abnormalities of the fingers and toes, among others. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
3 |
| A rare genetic disease characterized by a variable clinical phenotype which includes similar features but is typically less severe than in affected males. Patients may present with mild to borderline intellectual disability, anxiety, social phobia, selective mutism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, language deficit, neurologic signs and symptoms (such as seizures, hypotonia, and clonus), ophthalmologic anomalies (strabismus, refractive errors), and facial dysmorphism (including long face, prominent forehead, large, prominent ears, and mandibular prognathism). |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
4 |
| A rare neurometabolic disorder due to serine deficiency characterized by neonatal to infantile onset of global developmental delay, postnatal microcephaly and intellectual disability, which may be associated with slowly progressive spastic tetraplegia mainly affecting the lower extremities, seizures, and brain MRI findings including thin corpus callosum, delayed myelination and cerebral atrophy. Additional symptoms include brisk deep tendon reflexes, extensor plantar responses, behavioral abnormalities (such as irritability, hyperactivity, sleep disorder), abnormal hand movements and stereotypy. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
2 |
| A rare multiple congenital anomalies/dysmorphic syndrome characterized by global developmental delay, intellectual disability, growth retardation, hearing impairment, characteristic facial dysmorphology (including prominent supraorbital ridges, downslanting palpebral fissures, deep-set eyes, long face, sagging cheeks, anteverted nares, and pointed chin), generalized hypotonia, joint hypermobility, gluteal crease with sacral caudal remnant and sacral dimple, and variable neurological features. Various ophthalmic, cutaneous, musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, and cardiovascular anomalies have also been described. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
3 |
| PYCR2-related microcephaly-progressive leukoencephalopathy is a rare, genetic, syndromic intellectual disability disorder characterized by progressive postnatal microcephaly, cerebral hypomyelination and severe psychomotor developmental delayed with absent speech, as well as axial hypotonia, appendicular hypertonia with hyperextensibility of the wrists and ankles, hyperreflexia, severe muscle wasting and failure to thrive. Associated craniofacial dysmorphism includes triangular facies with bitemporal narrowing, down- or upslanting palpebral fissures, malar hypoplasia, large malformed ears with overfolded helices, upturned bulbous nose, long smooth philtrum and thin vermilion borders. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
2 |
| NDE1-related microhydranencephaly is a rare, hereditary syndrome with a central nervous system malformation as major feature characterized by extreme microcephaly and growth restriction, severe motor delay and mental retardation, and typical radiological findings of gross dilation of the ventricles resulting from the absence (or severe delay in the development) of cerebral hemispheres, hypoplasia of the corpus callosum, cerebellum, and brainstem. Associated features are thin bones and scalp rugae. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
3 |
| A rare disorder of pentose phosphate metabolism characterized by developmental delay and intellectual disability, delayed or absent speech, short stature, and congenital heart defects (such as ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, and patent foramen ovale). Additional reported features include hypotonia, hyperactivity, stereotypic behavior, ophthalmologic abnormalities (bilateral cataract, uveitis, strabismus), hearing impairment, and variable facial dysmorphism, among others. Laboratory analysis shows elevated plasma and urinary polyols (erythritol, arabitol, and ribitol) and urinary sugar-phosphates (ribose-5-phosphate and xylulose/ribulose-5-phosphate). |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
2 |
| A rare X-linked syndromic intellectual disability characterized by global development delay, postnatal growth retardation leading to short stature, facial dysmorphism, short hands with tapering fingers and progressive skeletal abnormalities including kyphoscoliosis and pectus carinatum/excavatum. Intellectual disability ranges from mild to severe. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
4 |
| A rare disorder of plasmalogen biosynthesis characterized by syndromic severe intellectual disability with congenital cataracts, early-onset epilepsy, microcephaly, global developmental delay, growth retardation and short stature, and spastic quadriparesis. Dysmorphic facial features may be present, including high-arched eyebrows, flattened nasal root, hypertelorism, and long and smooth philtrum. Rhizomelia is not part of the syndrome. Cerebellar atrophy, white matter abnormalities, and Dandy-Walker malformation have been described on brain imaging. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
| Congenital insensitivity to pain with severe intellectual disability is a rare autosomal recessive hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy characterized by the complete absence of pain perception from birth, an unresponsiveness to soft touch, severe non-progressive cognitive delay, and normal motor movement/behavior and strength. Affected cases retained hot and cold perception. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
4 |
| A rare autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia characterized by early onset of slowly progressive cerebellar atrophy, clinically manifesting with extremity and truncal ataxia, global developmental delay, intellectual impairment, nystagmus, dysarthria, intention tremor, and pyramidal signs, among others. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
2 |
| A rare, genetic, syndromic intellectual disability disorder characterized by the association of nonprogressive spastic quadriparesis, retinitis pigmentosa, intellectual disability, and variable deafness. There have been no further descriptions in the literature since 1976. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
8 |
| A rare syndromic intellectual deficiency characterized by psychomotor delay, severe progressive spastic quadriplegia, microcephaly, and a Hallermann-Streiff-like phenotype including absence of eyebrows and eyelashes, glaucoma, and small, beaked nose. Structural central nervous system abnormalities (cervical spinal cyst, occipital cranium bifidum occulatum) were additional findings. There have been no further descriptions in the literature since 1974. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
8 |
| A rare complex hereditary spastic paraplegia characterized by an early onset hypotonia that progresses to spasticity, global developmental delay, severe intellectual disability and speech impairment, microcephaly, short stature and dysmorphic features. Patients often become non-ambulatory, and some develop seizures and stereotypic laughter. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
9 |
| A rare, genetic, syndromic intellectual disability disorder characterized by intellectual disability, significant motor delay, severe speech impairment, early-onset truncal hypotonia with progressive distal hypertonia/spasticity, microcephaly, and behavioral anomalies (autistic features, aggression or auto-aggressive behavior, sleep disturbances). Variable facial dysmorphism includes broad nasal tip with small alae nasi, long and/or flat philtrum, thin upper lip vermillion. Visual impairment (strabismus, hyperopia, myopia) is commonly associated. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
8 |
| A rare, genetic, syndromic intellectual disability disorder characterized by congenital, external, nuclear ophthalmoplegia, lingua scrotalis, progressive chorioretinal sclerosis and intellectual disability. Bilateral ptosis, bilateral facial weakness, Parinaud's syndrome, convergence paresis and myopia may be associated. There have been no further descriptions in the literature since 1975. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
6 |
| A rare multiple congenital anomalies/dysmorphic syndrome characterized by profound intellectual disability, choreoathetosis, progressive spastic diplegia, progressive tapetoretinal degeneration with loss of retinal vessels, and glomerulopathy resulting in death late in the first or early in the second decade of life. Absence of the cerebellar granular layer has been reported. There have been no further descriptions in the literature since 1982. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
9 |
| A partial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 4 characterized by complex behavioral difficulties, developmental and delay/ intellectual disability, and minor dysmorphic features, including subtle facial asymmetry (most prominent in the mandible), mild hypotelorism, long nasal bridge, small low-set ears, narrow mouth, and mild hand deformities, such as bilateral short 5th metacarpals, and short hands. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
5 |
| A rare genetic syndromic intellectual disability characterized by global developmental delay and speech delay, variable degrees of intellectual disability, and dysmorphic facial features (such as frontal bossing, epicanthal folds, strabismus, depressed nasal bridge, short philtrum, auricular abnormalities, micrognathia, or crowded teeth, among others). Additional reported manifestations are behavioral problems (stereotypies, aggression, anxiety, autism spectrum disorder), skeletal anomalies (scoliosis, pectus carinatum, clinodactyly of fingers and toes, among others), and seizures. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
2 |
| A rare chromosomal anomaly syndrome, resulting from the partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 12, characterised by intellectual disability, global developmental delay with prominent language impairment, behavioural abnormalities and mild facial dysmorphism (including frontal bossing, downslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthal folds, broad, depressed nasal bridge with bulbous nasal tip, low-set ears with underdeveloped helices). Other associated features may include skeletal abnormalities (butterfly vertebrae, scoliosis), strabismus, optic nerve hypoplasia, and brain malformations. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
4 |
| A rare genetic multiple congenital anomalies/dysmorphic syndrome characterized by variable degrees of developmental delay and intellectual disability with poor or absent speech, hypotonia, hypoplastic or absent corpus callosum, and facial dysmorphism (such as long face, frontal bossing, hypertelorism, downslanting palpebral fissures, and tented upper lip). Additional reported features include microcephaly, seizures, gait ataxia, scoliosis, and syndactyly of fingers, among others. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
3 |
| A rare genetic disease characterized by microcephaly, global developmental delay, intellectual disability, abnormal muscle tone, and sensorineural hearing impairment. Additional variable manifestations include epilepsy, cortical visual impairment, gastrointestinal disturbances, growth restriction, scoliosis, as well as immunodeficiency and thrombocytopenia. Brain imaging may show cerebral atrophy, thin corpus callosum, and hypomyelination. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
5 |
| A rare, syndromic intellectual disability characterized by hypotonia, global developmental delay, limited or absent speech, intellectual disability, macrocephaly, mild dysmorphic features, seizures and autism spectrum disorder. Associated ophthalmologic, heart, skeletal and central nervous system anomalies have been reported. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
5 |
| A rare, genetic, syndromic intellectual disability characterized by mild to severe intellectual disability associated with variable features, including hypotonia, dyskinesia, spasticity, wide-based gait, microcephaly, epilepsy and behavioral problems. MRI imaging may show a corpus callosum hypoplasia or ventricular enlargement. Other variable features, such as joint hyperlaxity, skin pigmentary abnormalities, and visual impairment, have also been reported. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
| Peripheral demyelinating neuropathy-central dysmyelinating leucodystrophy-Waardenburg syndrome-Hirschsprung disease (PCWH) is a systemic disease characterised by the association of the features of Waardenburg-Shah syndrome (WSS) with neurological features of variable severity. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
7 |
| A rare genetic neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by global developmental delay (DD) and variable degrees of intellectual disability (ID) with delayed or limited/absent speech development associated with neonatal hypotonia, feeding difficulties, cardiac anomalies and dysmorphic facial features, predominantly broad nasal tip and thin, tented upper lip. Microcephaly, frequent infections, gastrointestinal and/or ocular anomalies have also been described. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
3 |
| A rare multiple congenital anomalies/dysmorphic syndrome with intellectual disability characterized by severe congenital contractures of the limbs and face, hypotonia, neonatal respiratory distress, and global developmental delay. Dysmorphic facial features include downslanting palpebral fissures, broad nasal bridge, large nares, long philtrum, and deep nasolabial folds, among others. Limb deformities (camptodactyly, clubfoot), short neck, scoliosis, as well as seizures have also been reported. Brain MRI may show cerebral and cerebellar atrophy in some cases. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
4 |
| X-linked intellectual disability-short stature-overweight syndrome is a multiple congenital anomalies syndrome characterised by borderline to severe intellectual disability, speech delay, short stature, elevated body mass index, a pattern of truncal obesity (reported in older males), and variable neurologic features (e.g. hypotonia, tremors, gait disturbances, behavioural problems, and seizure disorders). Less common manifestations include microcephaly, microorchidism and/or microphallus. Dysmorphic features have been reported in some patients but no consistent pattern has been noted. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
2 |
| Baraitser-Winter syndrome (BWS) is a malformation syndrome, characterized by facial dysmorphism (hypertelorism with ptosis, broad bulbous nose, ridged metopic suture, arched eyebrows, progressive coarsening of the face), ocular coloboma, pachygyria and/or band heterotopias with antero-posterior gradient, progressive joint stiffening, and intellectual deficit of variable severity, often with severe epilepsy. Pachygyria - epilepsy - intellectual disability - dysmorphism (Fryns-Aftimos syndrome) corresponds to the appearance of BWS in elderly patients. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
2 |
| A rare genetic multiple congenital anomalies/dysmorphic syndrome characterized by variable intellectual disability, developmental delay, autistic behavior, short stature, and microcephaly. Additional variable manifestations include feeding problems, vision and hearing impairments, recurrent upper airway infections, and epilepsy. Reported malformations are cryptorchidism and cerebral anomalies. Dysmorphic facial features include short and upslanted palpebral fissures, ptosis, telecanthus, depressed nasal ridge, short nose, anteverted nares, short columella, and long philtrum. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
2 |
| A rare genetic syndromic intellectual disability characterized by developmental delay, intellectual disability, ataxia, and, more variably, seizures and short stature. Behavioral abnormalities may also be observed, as well as variable facial and other dysmorphic features (such as broad nasal bridge, hypertelorism, almond-shaped eyes, high-arched palate, and anomalies of the fingers and toes). Brain imaging may reveal dilated ventricles, small corpus callosum, or posterior fossa abnormalities. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
3 |
| A rare mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation disorder characterized by a spectrum of three main clinical phenotypes comprising a severe neonatal phenotype with early fatal lactic acidosis, a more protracted course with early-onset developmental delay, motor weakness, extrapyramidal signs, with or without epilepsy, and a phenotype with normal early development and Parkinson-like symptoms starting around the age of one year. Additional, variably reported, signs and symptoms include cardiomyopathy, optic anomalies, hepatosplenomegaly, and abnormal brain MRI findings, among others. Deficiencies in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation enzymes are inconsistent. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
| A rare neurologic disease characterized by axonal sensorimotor neuropathy, progressive optic atrophy, cognitive deficit, bulbar dysfunction, seizures, and early hypotonia and feeding difficulties. Additional possible features include dystonia, scoliosis, joint contractures, ocular anomalies, and urogenital anomalies. Brain MRI reveals variable degrees of cerebral atrophy. The disease is fatal in childhood due to respiratory failure. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
3 |
| A rare genetic syndromic intellectual disability characterised by global developmental delay, moderate to severe intellectual disability, motor and language impairment, behavioural abnormalities (with mood instability, aggression, and self-mutilation), and progressive hand tremor. Facial dysmorphism includes narrow palpebral fissures, large ears, long philtrum, and prominent chin. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
2 |
| A rare genetic neurological disorder characterized by the association of congenital spastic paraplegia with global developmental delay and intellectual disability, ophthalmologic abnormalities (including nystagmus, reduced visual acuity, or hypermetropia), and obesity. Additional manifestations are brachy plagiocephaly and dysmorphic facial features. Brain imaging may show dilated ventricles, abnormal myelination, and mild generalized atrophy. Homozygous loss-of-function variants of KIDINS220 associated with a fetal lethal phenotype with ventriculomegaly and limb contractures have been reported. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
2 |
| A rare genetic multiple congenital anomalies/dysmorphic syndrome characterized by overgrowth and macrocephaly with megalencephaly apparent at birth, global developmental delay, intellectual disability, and dysmorphic facial features (including frontal bossing, long face, sparse eyebrows, hypertelorism, downslanting palpebral fissures, and prognathism). Patients may exhibit tall stature with dolichostenomelia, arachnodactyly, kyphoscoliosis, and joint laxity, as well as neurologic manifestations, such as hypotonia, gait ataxia, or seizures. Brain imaging may show increased white matter volume, thick corpus callosum, or small cerebellum. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
3 |
| A rare genetic syndromic intellectual disability characterized by infantile or childhood onset of mild to profound developmental delay and intellectual disability in all affected individuals, as well as variable occurrence of epilepsy, autism spectrum disorder / behavioral issues, microcephaly, muscle tone abnormalities such as hypotonia and spasticity, dystonic, dyskinetic, or choreiform movement disorder, and cortical visual impairment. Brain MRI may reveal abnormal cortical development, hypoplastic corpus callosum, enlarged/dysplastic basal ganglia, and hippocampal dysplasia. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
| A rare multiple congenital anomalies/dysmorphic syndrome with intellectual disability characterized by global developmental delay, postnatal microcephaly, intellectual disability, ataxia, sensorineural hearing loss, and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. More variable manifestations include hypotonia, growth retardation, peripheral demyelinating neuropathy, dysmorphic facial features, and additional endocrine abnormalities. Brain imaging may show progressive cerebellar atrophy in some patients. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
5 |
| A rare genetic multiple congenital anomalies/dysmorphic syndrome characterized by developmental delay, moderate to severe intellectual disability, dysmorphic features including craniosynostosis, micro-/retrognathia, cleft palate, and brachydactyly, and short stature. Seizures, skeletal anomalies (such as arthrogryposis, gracile bones, and pathological fractures), and renal abnormalities have also been described. Cerebral MRI may show periventricular white matter changes and ventriculomegaly. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
3 |
| A rare genetic multiple congenital anomalies/dysmorphic syndrome characterized by developmental delay with intellectual disability, postnatal growth deficiency causing profound limb shortening with proximal and distal segments involvement, narrow chest, abnormalities of the spine, pelvis, and metaphyses, corneal clouding, and patent ductus arteriosus. Dysmorphic facial features include hypertelorism, prominent eyes, depressed nasal bridge, and short upturned nose. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
5 |
| A rare genetic syndrome with a central nervous system malformation as a major feature, characterized by cortical malformations including posterior predominant lissencephaly and diffuse pachygyria, as well as midline crossing defects, thin corpus callosum, dysplastic hippocampi, narrowing of the brainstem with small pons and midbrain, widening of the medulla, and small cerebellum. Clinically, patients present global developmental delay, severe intellectual disability with poor or absent speech, axial hypotonia, and early-onset seizures, among others. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
3 |
| A rare genetic disorder of magnesium transport characterized by infantile onset of generalized seizures and severe hypomagnesemia due to massive renal magnesium wasting. Seizures persist despite magnesium supplementation and are associated with significant global developmental delay and intellectual disability. Brain MRI may show reduced cerebral volume. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
2 |
| A rare mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation disorder characterized by early onset of severe developmental delay (sometimes with regression of developmental milestones) and intellectual disability, poor or absent speech, and hypotonia. Other features include movement disorder, seizures, or microcephaly, among others. Brain imaging may show features of Leigh syndrome with signal abnormalities in the basal ganglia or mid brain, cerebellar atrophy, or thin corpus callosum. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
| A rare primary bone dysplasia characterized by microcephaly, developmental delay and intellectual disability, sensorineural hearing loss, retinal degeneration, and skeletal dysplasia. Musculoskeletal abnormalities include delayed ossification of epiphyses, spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, short stature, severe spinal deformities, and severe joint laxity resulting in multiple joint dislocations. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
7 |
| A rare genetic neurometabolic disease with characteristics of prenatal and postnatal growth retardation, hypotonia, failure to thrive, large and late-closing fontanel, development delay, cutis laxa, joint laxity, progeroid appearance and dysmorphic facial features. In addition, corneal opacities, cataracts, myopia, seizures, hyperreflexia and athetoid movements have also been associated. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
5 |
| Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1 related de Barsy syndrome |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
5 |
| A rare genetic syndrome with characteristics of developmental delay and mild to moderate intellectual disability. Verbal language acquisition is usually delayed, with restricted language. The congenital heart defects are present in 41% of individuals, the most frequent being interatrial communication and interventricular communication. The syndrome is caused by heterozygous, usually de novo pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in the CDK13 gene (7p14.1), coding for a protein which regulates transcription. Transmission is autosomal dominant however, in most situations, the pathogenic variants arise de novo, and thus, the risk of sibling recurrence is low. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
2 |
| A rare genetic multiple congenital anomalies/dysmorphic syndrome with characteristics of microcephaly, severe global developmental delay and intellectual disability, hypotonia, respiratory insufficiency, failure to thrive, and congenital anomalies affecting the skeleton, eyes, and several organ systems. Seizures and hearing loss are sometimes observed. Independent ambulation and meaningful speech are not attained. Common dysmorphic facial features include small forehead, biparietal narrowing, flat face, hypertelorism, arched eyebrows, short, upslanting palpebral fissures, wide nasal bridge, small, upturned nose, forward facing ears, and micrognathia. Brain imaging shows structural abnormalities in all patients. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
2 |
| A rare genetic neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by global developmental delay, severe intellectual disability and absence of expressive language. Muscular hypotonia, seizures, autistic behaviour and stereotypic movements are common. The disorder is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous intragenic deletions or truncating variants in the NRXN1 gene (2p16.3). NRXN1 belongs to the evolutionarily conserved family of neurexins, presynaptic transmembrane proteins and has an important role in synaptic function. Inheritance is autosomal recessive. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
| A rare genetic multiple congenital anomalies/dysmorphic syndrome characterized by intellectual disability, obesity, macrocephaly, behavioral abnormalities (such as aggressive tantrums and autistic-like behavior), and delayed speech development. Dysmorphic facial features include large, square forehead, prominent supraorbital ridges, broad nasal tip, large ears, prominent lower lip, and minor dental anomalies such as small upper lateral incisors and central incisor gap. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
2 |
| A form of pontocerebellar hypoplasia characterized by microcephaly, severe global developmental delay and intellectual disability, dysmorphic facial features, cerebellar syndrome, and pontocerebellar hypoplasia on brain imaging. Behavioral abnormalities are frequently observed. Other reported manifestations include seizures, ocular anomalies, recurrent respiratory infections, and thin or absent corpus callosum, among others. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
4 |
| A form of pontocerebellar hypoplasia characterised by severe, progressive microcephaly and severe global developmental delay apparent from birth, severe intellectual disability with lack of social interactions and absence of speech, and pontocerebellar hypoplasia and complete or partial agenesis of the corpus callosum on brain imaging. In addition, affected individuals often present hypotonia, spastic tetraplegia, and early-onset seizures. Chronic anaemia and thrombocytopenia have also been reported. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
4 |
| A rare genetic syndromic intellectual disability disorder characterized by global developmental delay, often with severe hypotonia and limited mobility, intellectual disability (mild to severe) with absent or significantly impaired speech and behavioral problems. Craniofacial features include blepharophimosis, epicanthal folds, sparse eyebrows and eyelashes, broad nasal bridge, short nose with downturned tip, open mouth with thin upper vermillion, and abnormal ears. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
2 |
| A rare genetic neurological syndrome of variable severity with characteristics of progressive spasticity affecting predominantly the lower limbs. Most patients manifest global developmental delay, moderate to severe intellectual disability and white matter abnormalities in infancy complicated by variable features including seizures, episodic respiratory failure, joint contractures and ocular problems. Some patients have normal early development until later childhood followed by regression in motor, cognitive and language skills over time. Some patients manifest only spastic paraplegia. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
2 |
| A rare genetic neurological syndrome with characteristics of cerebellar ataxia, neurodevelopmental delay, poor motor development and growth, mild to severe intellectual disability and infantile-onset hypotonia. Many patients have cardiac conduction and rhythm anomalies (including bundle branch block, bradycardia, sinus node dysfunction, intraventricular conduction delay, atrioventricular block, and ventricular tachycardia) in childhood or adolescence. Additional clinical features may include variable ocular anomalies and dysmorphic features. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
2 |
| A rare genetic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by congenital microphthalmia, sunken eyes, blindness, microcephaly, severe intellectual disability, progressive spasticity, and seizures. Psychomotor development is normal in the first 6-8 months of life and thereafter declines rapidly and continuously. Brain MRI reveals progressive and extensive degenerative changes, especially cortex, cerebellum, brainstem, and corpus callosum atrophy, with complete loss of cerebral white matter. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
3 |
| A rare neurodevelopmental syndrome characterised by developmental delay, intellectual disability of varying severity and weight disorders (overweight/obesity and eating behaviour disorders including hyperphagia, tachyphagia, food impulsiveness and a feeling of permanent hunger). Additional clinical features include learning difficulties (may be combined with dysphasia, dyspraxia, dyscalculia, dysgraphia), severe language delay, behavioural disorders (stereotypies, impulsiveness or intolerance to frustration, self or hetero aggression, autism spectrum disorder) and non-specific dysmorphism. Epilepsy and ophthalmologic abnormalities can also be observed. Endocrine abnormalities are rarely associated. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
| A rare developmental defect during embryogenesis with characteristics of the presence of major features of both blepharophimosis-intellectual disability syndrome and genitopatellar syndrome. These major features may include blepharophimosis, ptosis, hypomimia, skeletal features like patellar a/hypoplasia and renal and/or genital malformations. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
2 |
| A rare multiple congenital anomalies/dysmorphic syndrome characterized by mild to severe intellectual disability frequently co-occurring with behavioral problems (including anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autistic spectrum disorder), variable somatic overgrowth, macrocephaly and distinctive dysmorphic facial features including high hairline, frontal bossing, downslanting palpebral fissures, telecanthus, hypertelorism, deep-set eyes and full cheeks. Pierre Robin sequence with submucous cleft has also been reported. Additional clinical features include skeletal abnormalities, hypotonia, cardiac anomalies, hypothyroidism, cryptorchidism, visual disturbances and ectodermal problems such as sparse hair, thin nails, and abnormal dentition. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
2 |
| Dysequilibrium syndrome (DES) is a non-progressive cerebellar disorder characterized by ataxia associated with an intellectual disability, delayed ambulation and cerebellar hypoplasia. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
2 |
| A rare multiple congenital anomalies/dysmorphic syndrome characterized by developmental delay, severe intellectual disability, severe speech and communication problems and distinctive dysmorphic faces (high hairline, thin eyebrows, hypertelorism, dysmorphic ears, broad nasal bridge and tip, and narrow jaw). Height is not affected. Some patients may also present autistic behaviors. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
2 |
| A rare constitutional aplastic anaemia characterised by aplastic anaemia, intellectual disability, short stature, and microcephaly. Skin pigmentation or cafe au lait spots are often present. Majority of the patients present global developmental delay with impaired motor skills, learning disabilities, speech delay whereas some patients also may have behavioural problems including autistic features. Patients often develop premalignant myelodysplastic syndromes or leukaemia. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
3 |
| A rare multiple congenital anomalies/dysmorphic syndrome characterized by central nervous system abnormalities (particularly cerebellar hypoplasia), congenital microcephaly, intellectual disability, severe neurodevelopmental delay, growth impairment, dystonia, eye abnormalities (particularly cataract whereas retinal dystrophy and Leber congenital amaurosis are also reported) and congenital dyserythropoietic anemia. Additional clinical features may include other structural brain abnormalities (such as cerebral atrophy, basal ganglia atrophy, brainstem hypoplasia), feeding difficulties, sleep disturbances, hepatomegaly, and sensorineural deafness. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
4 |
| A rare multiple congenital anomalies/dysmorphic syndrome with characteristics of developmental delay, speech delay and variable degree of intellectual disability (mostly mid-to-moderate but some patients may also have normal intelligence) due to CHD4 gene mutations. Even though clinical manifestations are significantly variable among patients, most patients manifest dysmorphic facial features (could sometimes include macrocephaly), congenital heart defects, hypotonia and ophthalmologic abnormalities. Other clinical features may include brain structure anomalies, skeletal anomalies, hearing impairment and gonadal abnormalities. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
2 |
| A rare genetic multiple congenital anomalies/dysmorphic syndrome with characteristics of congenital heart defect (including atrial or ventricular septal defects and aortic coarctation), cleft palate, and variable degree of developmental delay and intellectual disability. Most patients reported to also have autism spectrum disorder. Overlapping facial features were reported in some patients including broad forehead with high anterior hairline, finely arched eyebrows, short philtrum, thin or tented upper lip. Other clinical features may involve mild distal skeletal abnormalities, hypotonia, hearing loss, feeding problems and skin abnormalities. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
3 |
| A rare Prader-Willi-like syndrome with characteristics of intellectual disability, morbid obesity, hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism, hyperphagia and developmental delay. Endocrine disorders including hypothyroidism and insulin resistance can be observed. Unlike Prader-Willi syndrome, profound muscular hypotonia, feeding difficulties in neonates, short stature and growth hormone deficiency are not observed. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
4 |
| A rare multiple congenital anomalies/dysmorphic syndrome characterised by developmental delay, intellectual disability (ranging from mild to severe), speech delay or speech disorder and cupped and/or low-set ears. Patients may also have brain abnormalities, hypotonia, drooling and vision problems. Seizures and sleep disturbance were reported for some patients. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
2 |
| A rare multiple congenital anomalies/dysmorphic syndrome characterized by severe intellectual disability, global developmental delay with no speech (some patients may have limited speech), inability or difficulty to walk, microcephaly, and early-onset cataract. Additional clinical features may include hypotonia, spasticity, endocrine/metabolic diseases and immunodeficiency with lymphopenia. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
3 |
| A rare multiple congenital anomalies/dysmorphic syndrome characterized by mild or moderate intellectual disability, developmental delay, short stature and facial dysmorphism (long ears, prominent nasal tip, low columella, thin upper lip, broad mouth and prominent chin) due to KDM3B mutations. Neonatal feeding difficulties, childhood hypotonia, and behavior problems were also reported in some patients. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
2 |
| A rare renal tubular disease characterised by hypomagnesaemia due to renal magnesium wasting, recurrent generalised seizures, mild to moderate intellectual disability, speech delay and obesity due to CNNM2 mutations. Most patients also manifest motor skill defects and hyperkinesia. Majority of the affected individuals do not exhibit brain anomalies. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
| A rare disorder of magnesium transport characterised by hypomagnesaemia due to renal wasting, leading to tetany, early-onset seizures, impaired psychomotor development, and moderate intellectual disability. Secondary hypocalcaemia and obesity are absent. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
| A rare primary bone dysplasia characterised by severe spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, sensorineural hearing loss, intellectual disability and Leber congenital amaurosis. Brain anomalies (including delayed myelinisation, white matter hyperintensity, hypomyelinating leucoencephalopathy, cerebral and cerebellar hypoplasia/atrophy), hypotonia, ataxia, dysmorphic facial features (including deep nasal bridge and large mouth) and irregular dentition were also reported. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
3 |
| 2p21 microdeletion syndrome without cystinuria is a rare partial autosomal monosomy characterized by weak fetal movements, severe infantile hypotonia and feeding difficulties that spontaneously improve with time, urogenital abnormalities (hypospadias or hypoplastic labia majora), global development delay, mild intellectual disability and facial dysmorphism (dolichocephaly, frontal bossing, bilateral ptosis, midface retrusion, open mouth with tented upper lip vermilion). Affected individuals have borderline elevated serum lactate but no cystinuria. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
5 |
| A rare genetic intellectual disability syndrome characterized by global developmental delay, intellectual disability, severe speech delay, behavioral abnormalities (including impulsivity, compulsivity, stubbornness, manipulative behaviors, temper tantrums, and aggressive behaviors), autism spectrum disorder and mild and variable dysmorphic facies (including deep-set eyes and a prominent nasal septum, extending below the alae nasi) due to point mutation of USP7 gene or 16p13.2 microdeletion where USP7 is completely or partially deleted. Behavioral abnormalities are more pronounced in microdeletion. Patients may also have hypotonia, feeding problems, delayed walking with unsteady gait, hypogonadism in males, seizures and ocular anomalies (such as myopia, esotropia, strabismus, and nystagmus). |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
| A rare multiple congenital anomalies/dysmorphic syndrome characterized by global developmental delay, moderate to severe intellectual disability, language delay and asymptomatic persistence of fetal hemoglobin. Joint laxity and microcephaly are commonly observed. Majority of the patients present with variable dysmorphic features (including strabismus, downslanting palpebral fissures, anteverted nose with small nares and full tip, external ear anomalies, thin upper lip and everted lower lip). Behavior problems including anxiety, recurrent hand flapping/biting and attention deficit can also be observed. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
3 |
| Genetic intellectual disability |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
| A rare multiple congenital anomalies/dysmorphic syndrome characterised by developmental delay and intellectual disability, epileptic encephalopathy, horseshoe or hypoplastic kidney, failure to thrive, hypertrichosis of the limbs and respiratory problems (including apnoea, multicompartmental respiratory disease, intermittent hyperventilation) along with mesomelic dysplasia (Nievergelt/Savarirayan type). Dysmorphic facial features may include microcephaly, synophrys, large nose with prominent nasal tip and low hanging columella, protruding ears, smooth/short philtrum, wide mouth with square upper lip, widely spaced teeth and micrognathia. Strabismus, myopia, cortical visual impairment and hearing loss can also be present. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
3 |
| 2q33.1 microdeletion syndrome (disorder) |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
5 |
| A rare syndromic intellectual disability without congenital anomalies/specific dysmorphic phenotype characterised by delayed psychomotor development, severe intellectual disability, delayed or absent speech development, hypotonia, ataxic gait and feeding difficulties. Clinical symptoms are evident from early infancy. Majority of the patients also present with behavioural abnormalities (including autistic features, aggressive behaviour, low frustration tolerance, and stereotypies such as hand-flapping). Additional clinical features may include inability to walk, seizures, hearing loss, sleep abnormalities, joint hyperlaxity. Nonspecific dysmorphic facial features (small head, strabismus, epicanthal folds, synophrys, high palate, low-set ears, orofacial hypotonia, full eyelids, and eversion of the lower lip) may also be present. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
1 |
| A rare partial autosomal monosomy characterised by global developmental delay, intellectual disability, multiple cartilaginous exostoses, and craniofacial anomalies (such as brachycephaly, biparietal foramina, large fontanels, craniosynostosis, ptosis, epicanthic folds, prominent nasal bridge with broad, depressed nasal tip, hypoplastic nares, short philtrum, downturned upper lip, and micrognathia). Additional reported features include behavioural abnormalities, myopia, strabismus, and sensorineural hearing loss, among others. |
Interprets |
True |
Intellectual ability |
Inferred relationship |
Some |
5 |
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