57444000: Structure of anorectal junction (body structure)

• SNOMED CT Concept\Body structure (body structure)\Anatomical or acquired body structure (body structure)\Anatomical structure\...
• \An anatomical structure that consists of the maximal set of organ parts so connected to one another that together they constitute a self-contained unit of macroscopic anatomy, distinct both morphologically and functionally from other such units. Together with other organs, an organ constitutes an organ system or a body part. An organ is divisible into organ parts but not organs (examples: femur, biceps, liver, heart, aorta, sciatic nerve, ovary).\Organ part\Digestive organ part\Lower gastrointestinal tract part (body structure)\Anal canal structure\Region of anal canal\The junction between the anal canal and the rectum. It is otherwise known as the proximal junction of the surgical anal canal being demarcated by a muscular ring formed by the upper margin of the puborectalis muscle and upper border of the internal anal sphincter.
• \An anatomical structure that consists of the maximal set of organ parts so connected to one another that together they constitute a self-contained unit of macroscopic anatomy, distinct both morphologically and functionally from other such units. Together with other organs, an organ constitutes an organ system or a body part. An organ is divisible into organ parts but not organs (examples: femur, biceps, liver, heart, aorta, sciatic nerve, ovary).\Digestive organ structure\Digestive organ part\Lower gastrointestinal tract part (body structure)\Anal canal structure\Region of anal canal\The junction between the anal canal and the rectum. It is otherwise known as the proximal junction of the surgical anal canal being demarcated by a muscular ring formed by the upper margin of the puborectalis muscle and upper border of the internal anal sphincter.
• \Anatomical junction\Anatomical region of continuity\The junction between the anal canal and the rectum. It is otherwise known as the proximal junction of the surgical anal canal being demarcated by a muscular ring formed by the upper margin of the puborectalis muscle and upper border of the internal anal sphincter.
• \Body system structure\Structure of digestive system (body structure)\...
• \Entire digestive tract including mouth, esophagus, stomach and intestines.\Digestive tract part (body structure)\Oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine together as a single entity.\...
• \Anorectal structure\Anal structure\Anus part\Anal canal structure\Region of anal canal\The junction between the anal canal and the rectum. It is otherwise known as the proximal junction of the surgical anal canal being demarcated by a muscular ring formed by the upper margin of the puborectalis muscle and upper border of the internal anal sphincter.
• \Jejunum, ileum, colon, rectum, and anal canal\Lower gastrointestinal tract part (body structure)\Anal canal structure\Region of anal canal\The junction between the anal canal and the rectum. It is otherwise known as the proximal junction of the surgical anal canal being demarcated by a muscular ring formed by the upper margin of the puborectalis muscle and upper border of the internal anal sphincter.
• \Digestive organ structure\Digestive organ part\Lower gastrointestinal tract part (body structure)\Anal canal structure\Region of anal canal\The junction between the anal canal and the rectum. It is otherwise known as the proximal junction of the surgical anal canal being demarcated by a muscular ring formed by the upper margin of the puborectalis muscle and upper border of the internal anal sphincter.
• \Body region structure\Chest and/or abdomen and/or pelvis structure (body structure)\This segment relates to the volume of the trunk that is bounded by and includes: superiorly thoracic diaphragm and inferiorly the perineum and external genitalia. The volume includes the entire transverse thickness of the body over the longitudinal extent between these upper (superior) and lower (inferior) boundaries including the overlying muscles, skin and subcutaneous tissue. The segment includes the abdominopelvic cavity, contents and wall including the posterior lumbar region, the volume of the true and false pelvic cavities including the bony pelvis and pelvic wall, the entire perineum and external genitalia including skin and subcutaneous tissue.\This cross-sectional segment is bounded superiorly by a virtual horizontal plane at the level of the plane traversing the superior boundary of the iliac crest; and inferiorly it extends to the perineum and includes part but not necessarily the entire external genitalia. The segment includes the volume of the true and false pelvic cavities (and also part of the lower abdominal volume below the level of the virtual superior boundary). The volume includes the entire transverse thickness of the body over the longitudinal extent between the superior (upper) and inferior (lower) boundaries including the skin and subcutaneous tissue. The segment relates to the cross-sectional or projectional volume as perceived by transmissive or emissive imaging.\Perineal structure\Anal region structure\Anal structure\Anus part\Anal canal structure\Region of anal canal\The junction between the anal canal and the rectum. It is otherwise known as the proximal junction of the surgical anal canal being demarcated by a muscular ring formed by the upper margin of the puborectalis muscle and upper border of the internal anal sphincter.
• \Body region structure\Chest and/or abdomen and/or pelvis structure (body structure)\This segment relates to the volume of the trunk that is bounded by and includes: superiorly thoracic diaphragm and inferiorly the perineum and external genitalia. The volume includes the entire transverse thickness of the body over the longitudinal extent between these upper (superior) and lower (inferior) boundaries including the overlying muscles, skin and subcutaneous tissue. The segment includes the abdominopelvic cavity, contents and wall including the posterior lumbar region, the volume of the true and false pelvic cavities including the bony pelvis and pelvic wall, the entire perineum and external genitalia including skin and subcutaneous tissue.\This segment relates to the volume of the trunk that is bounded superiorly by and includes: superiorly the boundary of the false pelvis, which is an artificial plane from the symphysis pubis to the superior iliac crests (in front it is incomplete, presenting a wide interval between the anterior borders of the ilia); and inferiorly the perineum and external genitalia. The volume includes the entire transverse thickness of the body over the longitudinal extent between these upper (superior) and lower (inferior) boundaries including the overlying muscles, skin and subcutaneous tissue. The segment includes the volume of the true and false pelvic cavities including the bony pelvis and pelvic wall and the entire perineum and external genitalia. Note, the entire bony pelvis is included within the pelvic segment (but is excluded from the abdomen proper segment of trunk); however the pelvic segment of trunk and the abdomen proper segment of trunk both include the volume of the false pelvis.\Anorectal structure\Anal structure\Anus part\Anal canal structure\Region of anal canal\The junction between the anal canal and the rectum. It is otherwise known as the proximal junction of the surgical anal canal being demarcated by a muscular ring formed by the upper margin of the puborectalis muscle and upper border of the internal anal sphincter.
• \Body region structure\Chest and/or abdomen and/or pelvis structure (body structure)\This segment relates to the volume of the trunk that is bounded by and includes: superiorly thoracic diaphragm and inferiorly the perineum and external genitalia. The volume includes the entire transverse thickness of the body over the longitudinal extent between these upper (superior) and lower (inferior) boundaries including the overlying muscles, skin and subcutaneous tissue. The segment includes the abdominopelvic cavity, contents and wall including the posterior lumbar region, the volume of the true and false pelvic cavities including the bony pelvis and pelvic wall, the entire perineum and external genitalia including skin and subcutaneous tissue.\This segment relates to the volume of the trunk that is bounded superiorly by and includes: superiorly the boundary of the false pelvis, which is an artificial plane from the symphysis pubis to the superior iliac crests (in front it is incomplete, presenting a wide interval between the anterior borders of the ilia); and inferiorly the perineum and external genitalia. The volume includes the entire transverse thickness of the body over the longitudinal extent between these upper (superior) and lower (inferior) boundaries including the overlying muscles, skin and subcutaneous tissue. The segment includes the volume of the true and false pelvic cavities including the bony pelvis and pelvic wall and the entire perineum and external genitalia. Note, the entire bony pelvis is included within the pelvic segment (but is excluded from the abdomen proper segment of trunk); however the pelvic segment of trunk and the abdomen proper segment of trunk both include the volume of the false pelvis.\Perineal structure\Anal region structure\Anal structure\Anus part\Anal canal structure\Region of anal canal\The junction between the anal canal and the rectum. It is otherwise known as the proximal junction of the surgical anal canal being demarcated by a muscular ring formed by the upper margin of the puborectalis muscle and upper border of the internal anal sphincter.
• \Body region structure\Chest and/or abdomen and/or pelvis structure (body structure)\This segment relates to the volume of the trunk that is bounded by and includes: superiorly thoracic diaphragm and inferiorly the perineum and external genitalia. The volume includes the entire transverse thickness of the body over the longitudinal extent between these upper (superior) and lower (inferior) boundaries including the overlying muscles, skin and subcutaneous tissue. The segment includes the abdominopelvic cavity, contents and wall including the posterior lumbar region, the volume of the true and false pelvic cavities including the bony pelvis and pelvic wall, the entire perineum and external genitalia including skin and subcutaneous tissue.\Jejunum, ileum, colon, rectum, and anal canal\Lower gastrointestinal tract part (body structure)\Anal canal structure\Region of anal canal\The junction between the anal canal and the rectum. It is otherwise known as the proximal junction of the surgical anal canal being demarcated by a muscular ring formed by the upper margin of the puborectalis muscle and upper border of the internal anal sphincter.
• \Body region structure\Body part structure\Lower body structure\Lower body part structure\Structure of pelvic cross-sectional segment of trunk and/or lower limb (body structure)\This cross-sectional segment is bounded superiorly by a virtual horizontal plane at the level of the plane traversing the superior boundary of the iliac crest; and inferiorly it extends to the perineum and includes part but not necessarily the entire external genitalia. The segment includes the volume of the true and false pelvic cavities (and also part of the lower abdominal volume below the level of the virtual superior boundary). The volume includes the entire transverse thickness of the body over the longitudinal extent between the superior (upper) and inferior (lower) boundaries including the skin and subcutaneous tissue. The segment relates to the cross-sectional or projectional volume as perceived by transmissive or emissive imaging.\Perineal structure\Anal region structure\Anal structure\Anus part\Anal canal structure\Region of anal canal\The junction between the anal canal and the rectum. It is otherwise known as the proximal junction of the surgical anal canal being demarcated by a muscular ring formed by the upper margin of the puborectalis muscle and upper border of the internal anal sphincter.
• \Body region structure\Body part structure\Lower body structure\Lower body part structure\This segment relates to the volume of the trunk that is bounded by and includes: superiorly thoracic diaphragm and inferiorly the perineum and external genitalia. The volume includes the entire transverse thickness of the body over the longitudinal extent between these upper (superior) and lower (inferior) boundaries including the overlying muscles, skin and subcutaneous tissue. The segment includes the abdominopelvic cavity, contents and wall including the posterior lumbar region, the volume of the true and false pelvic cavities including the bony pelvis and pelvic wall, the entire perineum and external genitalia including skin and subcutaneous tissue.\This cross-sectional segment is bounded superiorly by a virtual horizontal plane at the level of the plane traversing the superior boundary of the iliac crest; and inferiorly it extends to the perineum and includes part but not necessarily the entire external genitalia. The segment includes the volume of the true and false pelvic cavities (and also part of the lower abdominal volume below the level of the virtual superior boundary). The volume includes the entire transverse thickness of the body over the longitudinal extent between the superior (upper) and inferior (lower) boundaries including the skin and subcutaneous tissue. The segment relates to the cross-sectional or projectional volume as perceived by transmissive or emissive imaging.\Perineal structure\Anal region structure\Anal structure\Anus part\Anal canal structure\Region of anal canal\The junction between the anal canal and the rectum. It is otherwise known as the proximal junction of the surgical anal canal being demarcated by a muscular ring formed by the upper margin of the puborectalis muscle and upper border of the internal anal sphincter.
• \Body region structure\Body part structure\Lower body structure\Lower body part structure\This segment relates to the volume of the trunk that is bounded by and includes: superiorly thoracic diaphragm and inferiorly the perineum and external genitalia. The volume includes the entire transverse thickness of the body over the longitudinal extent between these upper (superior) and lower (inferior) boundaries including the overlying muscles, skin and subcutaneous tissue. The segment includes the abdominopelvic cavity, contents and wall including the posterior lumbar region, the volume of the true and false pelvic cavities including the bony pelvis and pelvic wall, the entire perineum and external genitalia including skin and subcutaneous tissue.\This segment relates to the volume of the trunk that is bounded superiorly by and includes: superiorly the boundary of the false pelvis, which is an artificial plane from the symphysis pubis to the superior iliac crests (in front it is incomplete, presenting a wide interval between the anterior borders of the ilia); and inferiorly the perineum and external genitalia. The volume includes the entire transverse thickness of the body over the longitudinal extent between these upper (superior) and lower (inferior) boundaries including the overlying muscles, skin and subcutaneous tissue. The segment includes the volume of the true and false pelvic cavities including the bony pelvis and pelvic wall and the entire perineum and external genitalia. Note, the entire bony pelvis is included within the pelvic segment (but is excluded from the abdomen proper segment of trunk); however the pelvic segment of trunk and the abdomen proper segment of trunk both include the volume of the false pelvis.\Anorectal structure\Anal structure\Anus part\Anal canal structure\Region of anal canal\The junction between the anal canal and the rectum. It is otherwise known as the proximal junction of the surgical anal canal being demarcated by a muscular ring formed by the upper margin of the puborectalis muscle and upper border of the internal anal sphincter.
• \Body region structure\Body part structure\Lower body structure\Lower body part structure\This segment relates to the volume of the trunk that is bounded by and includes: superiorly thoracic diaphragm and inferiorly the perineum and external genitalia. The volume includes the entire transverse thickness of the body over the longitudinal extent between these upper (superior) and lower (inferior) boundaries including the overlying muscles, skin and subcutaneous tissue. The segment includes the abdominopelvic cavity, contents and wall including the posterior lumbar region, the volume of the true and false pelvic cavities including the bony pelvis and pelvic wall, the entire perineum and external genitalia including skin and subcutaneous tissue.\This segment relates to the volume of the trunk that is bounded superiorly by and includes: superiorly the boundary of the false pelvis, which is an artificial plane from the symphysis pubis to the superior iliac crests (in front it is incomplete, presenting a wide interval between the anterior borders of the ilia); and inferiorly the perineum and external genitalia. The volume includes the entire transverse thickness of the body over the longitudinal extent between these upper (superior) and lower (inferior) boundaries including the overlying muscles, skin and subcutaneous tissue. The segment includes the volume of the true and false pelvic cavities including the bony pelvis and pelvic wall and the entire perineum and external genitalia. Note, the entire bony pelvis is included within the pelvic segment (but is excluded from the abdomen proper segment of trunk); however the pelvic segment of trunk and the abdomen proper segment of trunk both include the volume of the false pelvis.\Perineal structure\Anal region structure\Anal structure\Anus part\Anal canal structure\Region of anal canal\The junction between the anal canal and the rectum. It is otherwise known as the proximal junction of the surgical anal canal being demarcated by a muscular ring formed by the upper margin of the puborectalis muscle and upper border of the internal anal sphincter.
• \Body region structure\Body part structure\Lower body structure\Lower body part structure\This segment relates to the volume of the trunk that is bounded by and includes: superiorly thoracic diaphragm and inferiorly the perineum and external genitalia. The volume includes the entire transverse thickness of the body over the longitudinal extent between these upper (superior) and lower (inferior) boundaries including the overlying muscles, skin and subcutaneous tissue. The segment includes the abdominopelvic cavity, contents and wall including the posterior lumbar region, the volume of the true and false pelvic cavities including the bony pelvis and pelvic wall, the entire perineum and external genitalia including skin and subcutaneous tissue.\Jejunum, ileum, colon, rectum, and anal canal\Lower gastrointestinal tract part (body structure)\Anal canal structure\Region of anal canal\The junction between the anal canal and the rectum. It is otherwise known as the proximal junction of the surgical anal canal being demarcated by a muscular ring formed by the upper margin of the puborectalis muscle and upper border of the internal anal sphincter.
• \Body region structure\Body part structure\Trunk structure (body structure)\Structure of subregion of trunk (body structure)\This cross-sectional segment is bounded superiorly by a virtual horizontal plane at the level of the junction between T8 and T9 (and thus also includes part of the thoracic volume below this level); and inferiorly it extends to the perineum, including the volume of the true and false pelvic cavities and part but not necessarily the entire external genitalia. The volume includes the entire transverse thickness of the body over the longitudinal extent between the superior (upper) and inferior (lower) boundaries including the skin and subcutaneous tissue. The segment relates to the cross-sectional or projectional volume as perceived by transmissive or emissive imaging.\This cross-sectional segment is bounded superiorly by a virtual horizontal plane at the level of the plane traversing the superior boundary of the iliac crest; and inferiorly it extends to the perineum and includes part but not necessarily the entire external genitalia. The segment includes the volume of the true and false pelvic cavities (and also part of the lower abdominal volume below the level of the virtual superior boundary). The volume includes the entire transverse thickness of the body over the longitudinal extent between the superior (upper) and inferior (lower) boundaries including the skin and subcutaneous tissue. The segment relates to the cross-sectional or projectional volume as perceived by transmissive or emissive imaging.\Perineal structure\Anal region structure\Anal structure\Anus part\Anal canal structure\Region of anal canal\The junction between the anal canal and the rectum. It is otherwise known as the proximal junction of the surgical anal canal being demarcated by a muscular ring formed by the upper margin of the puborectalis muscle and upper border of the internal anal sphincter.
• \Body region structure\Body part structure\Trunk structure (body structure)\Structure of subregion of trunk (body structure)\This cross-sectional segment is bounded superiorly by a virtual horizontal plane at the level of the junction between T8 and T9 (and thus also includes part of the thoracic volume below this level); and inferiorly it extends to the perineum, including the volume of the true and false pelvic cavities and part but not necessarily the entire external genitalia. The volume includes the entire transverse thickness of the body over the longitudinal extent between the superior (upper) and inferior (lower) boundaries including the skin and subcutaneous tissue. The segment relates to the cross-sectional or projectional volume as perceived by transmissive or emissive imaging.\Jejunum, ileum, colon, rectum, and anal canal\Lower gastrointestinal tract part (body structure)\Anal canal structure\Region of anal canal\The junction between the anal canal and the rectum. It is otherwise known as the proximal junction of the surgical anal canal being demarcated by a muscular ring formed by the upper margin of the puborectalis muscle and upper border of the internal anal sphincter.
• \Body region structure\Body part structure\Trunk structure (body structure)\Structure of subregion of trunk (body structure)\This segment relates to the volume of the trunk that is bounded by and includes: superiorly thoracic diaphragm and inferiorly the perineum and external genitalia. The volume includes the entire transverse thickness of the body over the longitudinal extent between these upper (superior) and lower (inferior) boundaries including the overlying muscles, skin and subcutaneous tissue. The segment includes the abdominopelvic cavity, contents and wall including the posterior lumbar region, the volume of the true and false pelvic cavities including the bony pelvis and pelvic wall, the entire perineum and external genitalia including skin and subcutaneous tissue.\This cross-sectional segment is bounded superiorly by a virtual horizontal plane at the level of the plane traversing the superior boundary of the iliac crest; and inferiorly it extends to the perineum and includes part but not necessarily the entire external genitalia. The segment includes the volume of the true and false pelvic cavities (and also part of the lower abdominal volume below the level of the virtual superior boundary). The volume includes the entire transverse thickness of the body over the longitudinal extent between the superior (upper) and inferior (lower) boundaries including the skin and subcutaneous tissue. The segment relates to the cross-sectional or projectional volume as perceived by transmissive or emissive imaging.\Perineal structure\Anal region structure\Anal structure\Anus part\Anal canal structure\Region of anal canal\The junction between the anal canal and the rectum. It is otherwise known as the proximal junction of the surgical anal canal being demarcated by a muscular ring formed by the upper margin of the puborectalis muscle and upper border of the internal anal sphincter.
• \Body region structure\Body part structure\Trunk structure (body structure)\Structure of subregion of trunk (body structure)\This segment relates to the volume of the trunk that is bounded by and includes: superiorly thoracic diaphragm and inferiorly the perineum and external genitalia. The volume includes the entire transverse thickness of the body over the longitudinal extent between these upper (superior) and lower (inferior) boundaries including the overlying muscles, skin and subcutaneous tissue. The segment includes the abdominopelvic cavity, contents and wall including the posterior lumbar region, the volume of the true and false pelvic cavities including the bony pelvis and pelvic wall, the entire perineum and external genitalia including skin and subcutaneous tissue.\This segment relates to the volume of the trunk that is bounded superiorly by and includes: superiorly the boundary of the false pelvis, which is an artificial plane from the symphysis pubis to the superior iliac crests (in front it is incomplete, presenting a wide interval between the anterior borders of the ilia); and inferiorly the perineum and external genitalia. The volume includes the entire transverse thickness of the body over the longitudinal extent between these upper (superior) and lower (inferior) boundaries including the overlying muscles, skin and subcutaneous tissue. The segment includes the volume of the true and false pelvic cavities including the bony pelvis and pelvic wall and the entire perineum and external genitalia. Note, the entire bony pelvis is included within the pelvic segment (but is excluded from the abdomen proper segment of trunk); however the pelvic segment of trunk and the abdomen proper segment of trunk both include the volume of the false pelvis.\Anorectal structure\Anal structure\Anus part\Anal canal structure\Region of anal canal\The junction between the anal canal and the rectum. It is otherwise known as the proximal junction of the surgical anal canal being demarcated by a muscular ring formed by the upper margin of the puborectalis muscle and upper border of the internal anal sphincter.
• \Body region structure\Body part structure\Trunk structure (body structure)\Structure of subregion of trunk (body structure)\This segment relates to the volume of the trunk that is bounded by and includes: superiorly thoracic diaphragm and inferiorly the perineum and external genitalia. The volume includes the entire transverse thickness of the body over the longitudinal extent between these upper (superior) and lower (inferior) boundaries including the overlying muscles, skin and subcutaneous tissue. The segment includes the abdominopelvic cavity, contents and wall including the posterior lumbar region, the volume of the true and false pelvic cavities including the bony pelvis and pelvic wall, the entire perineum and external genitalia including skin and subcutaneous tissue.\This segment relates to the volume of the trunk that is bounded superiorly by and includes: superiorly the boundary of the false pelvis, which is an artificial plane from the symphysis pubis to the superior iliac crests (in front it is incomplete, presenting a wide interval between the anterior borders of the ilia); and inferiorly the perineum and external genitalia. The volume includes the entire transverse thickness of the body over the longitudinal extent between these upper (superior) and lower (inferior) boundaries including the overlying muscles, skin and subcutaneous tissue. The segment includes the volume of the true and false pelvic cavities including the bony pelvis and pelvic wall and the entire perineum and external genitalia. Note, the entire bony pelvis is included within the pelvic segment (but is excluded from the abdomen proper segment of trunk); however the pelvic segment of trunk and the abdomen proper segment of trunk both include the volume of the false pelvis.\Perineal structure\Anal region structure\Anal structure\Anus part\Anal canal structure\Region of anal canal\The junction between the anal canal and the rectum. It is otherwise known as the proximal junction of the surgical anal canal being demarcated by a muscular ring formed by the upper margin of the puborectalis muscle and upper border of the internal anal sphincter.
• \Body region structure\Body part structure\Trunk structure (body structure)\Structure of subregion of trunk (body structure)\This segment relates to the volume of the trunk that is bounded by and includes: superiorly thoracic diaphragm and inferiorly the perineum and external genitalia. The volume includes the entire transverse thickness of the body over the longitudinal extent between these upper (superior) and lower (inferior) boundaries including the overlying muscles, skin and subcutaneous tissue. The segment includes the abdominopelvic cavity, contents and wall including the posterior lumbar region, the volume of the true and false pelvic cavities including the bony pelvis and pelvic wall, the entire perineum and external genitalia including skin and subcutaneous tissue.\Jejunum, ileum, colon, rectum, and anal canal\Lower gastrointestinal tract part (body structure)\Anal canal structure\Region of anal canal\The junction between the anal canal and the rectum. It is otherwise known as the proximal junction of the surgical anal canal being demarcated by a muscular ring formed by the upper margin of the puborectalis muscle and upper border of the internal anal sphincter.

Status: current, Not sufficiently defined by necessary conditions definition status (core metadata concept). Date: 31-Jan 2002. Module: SNOMED CT core

Descriptions:

Id	Description	Lang	Type	Status	Case?	Module
5363833014	The junction between the anal canal and the rectum. It is otherwise known as the proximal junction of the surgical anal canal being demarcated by a muscular ring formed by the upper margin of the puborectalis muscle and upper border of the internal anal sphincter.	en	Definition	Active	Entire term case sensitive (core metadata concept)	SNOMED CT core
95532012	Anorectal junction	en	Synonym (core metadata concept)	Active	Entire term case insensitive (core metadata concept)	SNOMED CT core
497892019	Structure of anorectal junction	en	Synonym (core metadata concept)	Active	Entire term case insensitive (core metadata concept)	SNOMED CT core
796067018	Structure of anorectal junction (body structure)	en	Fully specified name	Active	Entire term case insensitive (core metadata concept)	SNOMED CT core
5363832016	Anorectal ring	en	Synonym (core metadata concept)	Active	Entire term case insensitive (core metadata concept)	SNOMED CT core

Expanded Value Set

Reference Sets

Anatomy structure and entire association reference set (foundation metadata concept)

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